Educational Mobility, Pace of Aging, and Lifespan Among Participants in the Framingham Heart Study

Abstract

ImportancePeople who complete more education live longer lives with better health. New evidence suggests that these benefits operate through a slowed pace of biological aging. If so, measurements of the pace of biological aging could offer intermediate end points for studies of how interventions to promote education will affect healthy longevity.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that upward educational mobility is associated with a slower pace of biological aging and increased longevity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study analyzed data from 3 generations of participants in the Framingham Heart Study: (1) the original cohort, enrolled beginning in 1948; (2) the Offspring cohort, enrolled beginning in 1971; and (3) the Gen3 cohort, enrolled beginning in 2002. A 3-generation database was constructed to quantify intergenerational educational mobility. Mobility data were linked with blood DNA-methylation data collected from the Offspring cohort in 2005 to 2008 (n = 1652) and the Gen3 cohort in 2009 to 2011 (n = 1449). Follow-up is ongoing. Data analysis was conducted from June 2022 to November 2023 using data obtained from the National Institutes of Health database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP).ExposureEducational mobility was measured by comparing participants’ educational outcomes with those of their parents.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe pace of biological aging was measured from whole-blood DNA-methylation data using the DunedinPACE epigenetic clock. For comparison purposes, the analysis was repeated using 4 other epigenetic clocks. Survival follow-up was conducted through 2019.ResultsThis study analyzed data from 3101 participants from the Framingham Heart Study; 1652 were in the Offspring cohort (mean [SD] age, 65.57 [9.22] years; 764 [46.2%] male) and 1449 were in the Gen3 cohort (mean [SD] age, 45.38 [7.83] years; 691 [47.7%] male). Participants who were upwardly mobile in educational terms tended to have slower pace of aging in later life (r = −0.18 [95% CI, −0.23 to −0.13]; P < .001). This pattern of association was similar across generations and held in within-family sibling comparisons. There were 402 Offspring cohort participants who died over the follow-up period. Upward educational mobility was associated with lower mortality risk (hazard ratio, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98]; P = .01). Slower pace of aging accounted for approximately half of this association.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study’s findings support the hypothesis that interventions to promote educational attainment may slow the pace of biological aging and promote longevity. Epigenetic clocks have potential as near-term outcome measures of intervention effects on healthy aging. Experimental evidence is needed to confirm findings.

Association between epigenetic age and type 2 diabetes mellitus or glycemic traits: A longitudinal twin study

“…In stratified analyses, it appeared that the positive associations between epigenetic age metrics and glycemic traits were only in males, or with a low educational level. Plausible explanations are the small sample size of the female group and the high level of education group (Table 1), or the possibility of shorter lifespans in males (Oblak et al, 2021;Phyo et al, 2023) and low health literacy in people with the low level of education (Graf et al, 2024;Oblak et al, 2021). The associations between glycemic traits and DunedinPACE may be more common in the elder group (aged 50 years and above) due to the abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance associated with aging (Li et al, 2021;Palmer, Xu, et al, 2019;Safwan-Zaiter et al, 2022).…”