Educational Pathways and Change in Crime Between Adolescence and Early Adulthood

Swisher, Raymond R.; Dennison, Christopher R.

doi:10.1177/0022427816645380

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Regarding the multidimensional nature of risk factors for engaging in crime, as suggested by previous studies, sociodemographic (especially gender and age) ( 64 ), education ( 65 ), and economic factors (such as socioeconomic status) ( 12 ) were determinants of the incidence of crime. In Western populations, the association between age and crime mainly follows a bell-shaped pattern, known as the age-of-crime curve, showing a reduction in criminal activity as an individual progress into adulthood ( 66 , 67 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…On the other hand, earlier studies have shown that education may counteract the risk of committing crimes, being that those with a higher level of education have higher expectations regarding the amount of income they can derived from legal ventures ( 65 ). Moreover, the inverse relationship between social stratification and delinquency turns out to be one of the main points of interest in criminology ( 68 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gambling and Impulsivity Traits: A Recipe for Criminal Behavior?

et al. 2018

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Gambling disorder (GD) is a psychiatric condition that was recently recategorized as a non-substance-related addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders. Criminal activity is commonly associated with gambling; however, few empirical studies to date have examined sociodemographic and psychological variables in this population. In this study, we explored criminal behavior history in a sample of consecutively recruited treatment-seeking gamblers (n = 382) and compared subjects with a history of illegal acts (n = 103, 26.9%) to those with no criminal record (n = 279, 73.1%). Impulsivity and personality traits were specifically explored, along with other gambling-related severity factors. We found that gamblers who engaged in illegal activity were more likely to endorse high levels of urgency (i.e., the tendency to act out when experiencing heightened emotional states) and increased lack of premeditation. Gamblers with a history of criminal behavior also had greater GD severity levels and gambling-related debts. Additionally, these gamblers reported lower levels of self-directedness, which is characterized by difficulty in establishing and redirecting behavior toward one’s goals. Likewise, gamblers who had conducted criminal acts showed a tendency to engage in greater risk-taking behavior. These results shed new light on this understudied population and provide insights for developing targeted harm-prevention interventions and treatment protocols.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gambling and Impulsivity Traits: A Recipe for Criminal Behavior?

et al. 2018

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“…The authors, after only observing minor evidence of mobility being associated with felony arrest at the bivariate level, concluded that they found little support for the hypothesized relationship between educational mobility and crime (Savolainen et al, 2014). Another recent example is by Swisher and Dennison (2016) who found upward mobility to be associated with decreases in crime and downward mobility to be associated with increases in crime using a nationally representative sample from the United States.…”

Section: Educational Mobility and Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The socioeconomic differences previously discussed are the crux of why intergenerational mobility may produce variation in crime by race and ethnicity. From the perspective of social mobility, upward educational trajectories have been found to be associated with decreases in crime (Swisher & Dennison, 2016). Therefore, if Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to be exposed to cumulative disadvantage across the life course (Sampson & Laub, 1997), then the benefits of pursuing higher education may be more meaningful compared to Whites (Swisher, Kuhl, & Chavez, 2013).…”

Section: Race Ethnicity and The Mobility And Crime Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, obtaining a high school diploma-if education ceases at that point-may reflect downward mobility for those from more educated parents, increase strain (e.g., Agnew, 1992), and ultimately crime. Certainly, mobility has intuitive and theoretical relevance to the study of crime; however, few studies have examined such trajectories (e.g., Savolainen, Aaltonen, Merikukk, Paananen, & Kissler, 2014;Swisher & Dennison, 2016) and with mixed findings.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Educational Mobility and Crime

Dennison

2018

Race and Justice

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Increases in postsecondary enrollment among minorities, decreases among Whites, and the growing concern of downward intergenerational mobility in the United States suggest potentially meaningful variation in the role of education on well-being across the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study examines the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility (i.e., a comparison of one’s educational achievements to those of one’s parents’) and crime, as well as the degree to which this association is moderated by race and ethnicity. Results suggest that upward mobility particularly when one completes a 4-year degree is associated with decreases in crime. Downward mobility, however, is associated with increases in crime only among Whites. Moreover, and consistent with theories of social mobility, strain, and social control, these associations are partially mediated by familial and socioeconomic attainments as well as social–psychological measures. Findings are discussed as they relate to the subjective and objective meaning of education across generations for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.

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Understanding Changes in Violent Extremist Attitudes During the Transition to Early Adulthood

et al. 2021

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Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the transition to early adulthood. This period during the life course could increase uncertainty and vulnerability to radicalization, or alternatively lead to maturation, prosocial bonds, and consequently less support for violent extremism. In the absence of population-based longitudinal data on violent extremist attitudes, we know very little about how and why attitudes change during this period. Method Data came from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in Zürich, Switzerland (n = 910). First, we assessed the variation in violent extremist attitudes between ages 17 and 20 using the Reliable Change Index. Second, we used hybrid regression techniques to investigate to what extent theoretically relevant factors can explain between- and within-individual differences in violent extremist attitudes. Results Our results show that violent extremist attitudes are largely stable or declining between late adolescence and early adulthood, and that within-individual changes in low self-control, conflict coping skills, and peer disapproval of violence can in part explain these changes. Conclusions For young people in Zürich, the transition to early adulthood was characterized by increases in psychosocial maturity, more prosocial peers, and less deviant behavior, which in turn was associated with lower support for violent extremism. Existing research on effective interventions for criminal desistance and disengagement from gangs may therefore be fruitful avenues for developing programs aimed at reducing support for violent extremism and fostering deradicalization.

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Educational Pathways and Change in Crime Between Adolescence and Early Adulthood

Cited by 18 publications

References 71 publications

Gambling and Impulsivity Traits: A Recipe for Criminal Behavior?

Gambling and Impulsivity Traits: A Recipe for Criminal Behavior?

Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Educational Mobility and Crime

Understanding Changes in Violent Extremist Attitudes During the Transition to Early Adulthood

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