Effect and mechanism of paclitaxel loaded on magnetic Fe ₃ O ₄ @mSiO ₂ -NH ₂ -FA nanocomposites to MCF-7 cells

Abstract

Magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method and utilized to load paclitaxel. The average particle size of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was found to be 20.2 ± 3.0 nm, and the calculated saturation magnetization reached 129.38 emu/g, verifying superparamagnetism of nanomaterials. The specific surface area and pore volume were 84.756 m 2 /g and 0.265 cm 3 /g, respectively. Subsequently, Fe 3 O 4 @mSiO 2 nanoparticles were successfully fabricated using the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as precursors with an average size of 27.81 nm. The relevant saturation magnetization, zeta potential, and specific surface area of Fe 3 O 4 @mSiO 2 -NH 2 -FA were respectively 76.3 emu/g, −14.1 mV, and 324.410 m 2 /g. The pore volume and average adsorption pore size were 0.369 cm 3 /g and 4.548 nm, respectively. Compared to free paclitaxel, the solubility and stability of nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel were improved. The drug loading efficiency and drug load of the nanoformulation were 44.26 and 11.38%, respectively. The Fe 3 O 4 @mSiO 2 -NH 2 -FA nanocomposites were easy to construct with excellent active targeting performance, pH sensitivity, and sustained-release effect. The nanoformulation also showed good biocompatibility, where the cell viability remained at 73.8% when the concentration reached 1200 μg/mL. The nanoformulation induced cell death through apoptosis, as confirmed by AO/EB staining and flow cytometry. Western blotting results suggested that the nanoformulation could induce iron death by inhibiting Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity or decreasing Ferritin Heavy Chain 1 (FTH1) expression. Subsequently, the expression of HIF-1α was upregulated owing to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus affecting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins regulated by p53, inducing cell apoptosis.

(‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate induced apoptosis by dissociation of c‐FLIP/Ku70 complex in gastric cancer cells

“…In another study, Ni Yan et al showed that trypsin induced apoptosis. However, this ratio was within the acceptable range 40 …”

“…However, this ratio was within the acceptable range. 40 c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic factor, was shown to inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells through its binding to Ku70 41,42 (Figure 3C). Ku70/Bax complex is an anti-apoptotic complexes and after Ku70 acetylation, this complex dissociates.…”

Adsorption of magnetic manganese ferrites to simulated monomeric mercury in flue gases

“…And when the calcination temperature was increased to 500 ˚C, the crystallinity improved greatly and the grain size was relatively small. The growth rate of the grains increased with the increase of the calcination temperature, and the crystallinity and grain size also increased, which in turn led to a decrease of specific surface area and a reduction of adsorption capacity [30]. Therefore, 500 ˚C was chosen as the optimum calcination temperature.…”

“…While, magnetic nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal method have long cycle time and small yield. The rapid combustion method has a short preparation cycle, low cost, safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly process, it is easy to produce industrially, and it can achieve the purpose of controlling the sizes and properties of magnetic nanoparticles by changing the amount of solvent and calcination temperature [28][29][30]. And the application of adsorbents prepared by this method for the removal of elemental mercury from coal combustion flue gas has not been reported.…”

Biopolymer‐based nanoparticles as promising candidate for inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cells

“…FA can bind to FA receptors (FR) with high affinity on the membrane of various cancer cells [23]. FR overexpresses on the cell membrane of many malignant cancers, such as lung, breast, colon cancers, and liver cancers, whereas it has limited expression on the surface of normal cells of the human body [24,25]. On the other hand, doxorubicin (Dox), a kind of anthracycline therapeutic agent, is one of the most efficient therapeutics which has been used for the treatment of various cancers (breast, leukaemia, brain, liver, etc.)…”