Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms

Hinrikus, Hiie; Bachmann, Maie; Lass, Jaanus; Tomson, Ruth; Tuulik, Viiu

doi:10.1080/09553000701691679

Cited by 67 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This suggests that different modulation techniques (e.g., temporal power variation, modulation frequency) in different mobile phone systems may be a biologically relevant factor [Pedersen and Andersen, 1999;Bachmann et al, 2005;Hinrikus et al, 2007Hinrikus et al, , 2008. In addition, the majority of null findings in the literature may be due to the low power level of mobile phone radiation because most studies were designed to give local SAR values at or near the permitted limits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies

Kwon

Hämäläinen

2010

Bioelectromagnetics

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For the last two decades, a large number of studies have investigated the effects of mobile phone radiation on the human brain and cognition using behavioral or neurophysiological measurements. This review evaluated previous findings with respect to study design and data analysis. Provocation studies found no evidence of subjective symptoms attributed to mobile phone radiation, suggesting psychological reasons for inducing such symptoms in hypersensitive people. Behavioral studies previously reported improved cognitive performance under exposure, but it was likely to have occurred by chance due to multiple comparisons. Recent behavioral studies and replication studies with more conservative statistics found no significant effects compared with original studies. Neurophysiological studies found no significant effects on cochlear and brainstem auditory processing, but only inconsistent results on spontaneous and evoked brain electrical activity. The inconsistent findings suggest possible false positives due to multiple comparisons and thus replication is needed. Other approaches such as brain hemodynamic response measurements are promising but the findings are few and not yet conclusive. Rigorous study design and data analysis considering multiple comparisons and effect size are required to reduce controversy in this important field of research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies

Kwon

Hämäläinen

2010

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…An increase in the alpha band activity was observed with the GSM signal, while no effects were seen from the CW signal. Hinrikus et al [2008b] reported that AM of 450 MHz electromagnetic fields at 14 and 21 Hz enhanced EEG power in the alpha and beta frequencies in healthy volunteers, whereas no effect was detected when the modulation frequency was 7 Hz. The same research group investigated the effect of modulation on resting EEG in individual subjects.…”

Section: Nervous System: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Review of possible modulation‐dependent biological effects of radiofrequency fields

Juutilainen

Höytö

Kumlin

et al. 2011

Bioelectromagnetics

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The biological effects of modulated radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields have been a subject of debate since early publications more than 30 years ago, suggesting that relatively weak amplitude-modulated RF electromagnetic fields have specific biological effects different from the well-known thermal effects of RF energy. This discussion has been recently activated by the increasing human exposure to RF fields from wireless communication systems. Modulation is used in all wireless communication systems to enable the signal to carry information. A previous review in 1998 indicated that experimental evidence for modulation-specific effects of RF energy is weak. This article reviews recent studies (published after 1998) on the biological effects of modulated RF fields. The focus is on studies that have compared the effects of modulated and unmodulated (continuous wave) RF fields, or compared the effects of different kinds of modulations; studies that used only one type of signal are not included. While the majority of recent studies have reported no modulation-specific effects, there are a few interesting exceptions indicating that there may be specific effects from amplitude-modulated RF fields on the human central nervous system. These findings warrant follow-up studies.

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“…Indeed, data reported by some authors showed an increase in EEG power in the alpha frequency band (Cook et al 2004;Croft et al 2002Croft et al , 2008Croft et al , 2010Curcio et al 2005;Hinrikus et al 2008;Huber et al 2002;Kramarenko and Tan 2003;Regel et al 2007;Reiser et al 1995), whereas other studies reported a decrease in EEG power or coherence in the alpha band (Maby et al 2006;Perentos et al 2013;Vecchio et al 2007Vecchio et al , 2010Vecchio et al , 2012. Finally, other studies failed to show an effect on EEG power in the alpha bands (D'Costa 2003; Hietanen et al 2000;Röschke and Mann, 1997;Perentos et al 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram

Ghosn

Yahia-Chérif

Hugueville

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human resting EEG with a control of some parameters that are known to affect alpha band, such as electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine. Eyes-open and eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded in 26 healthy young subjects under two conditions: sham exposure and real exposure in double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Spectral power of EEG rhythms was calculated for the alpha band (8 -12 Hz). Saliva samples were collected before and after the study. Salivary cortisol and caffeine were assessed by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. The electrode impedance was recorded at the beginning of each run. Compared with the sham session, the exposure session showed a statistically significant (P Ͻ 0.0001) decrease of the alpha band spectral power during closed-eyes condition. This effect persisted in the postexposure session (P Ͻ 0.0001). No significant changes were detected in electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine in the sham session compared with the exposure one. These results suggest that GSM-EMFs of a mobile phone affect the alpha band within spectral power of resting human EEG. electroencephalogram; radio frequency; mobile phone; alpha band EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN MOBILE telecommunications, such as radio frequency fields (RF) and microwave radiation, are widely used in our modern society. Prominent examples are the wireless Internet network and mobile phone communications, which are particularly widespread. The extensive use of mobile phones (MP) increases the exposure of human beings to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. During a phone call, given the close proximity of the MP to the user's head, a part of the electromagnetic field (EMF) can be absorbed by the head and the brain (Schönborn et al. 1998). This exposure to EMF has raised questions about possible effects of the EMF of mobile phones on brain activity.Some earlier studies have investigated the effects of EMFs on resting cerebral activity with somewhat mixed results, but more recently, there has been consistent data, indicating the existence of exposure effects on the alpha bands of the resting EEG.Indeed, data reported by some authors showed an increase in EEG power in the alpha frequency band (Cook et al. 2004;Croft et al.

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Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms

Cited by 67 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies

Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: Critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies

Review of possible modulation‐dependent biological effects of radiofrequency fields

Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram

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