Effect of a chlorhexidine/thymol and a fluoride varnish on caries development in erupting permanent molars: a comparative study

Flamee, S.; Gizani, Sotiria; Caroni, C.; Papagiannoulis, L.; Twetman, Svante

doi:10.1007/s40368-015-0192-x

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The main antimicrobial agent in dentistry is chlorhexidine, which when used for a prolonged period causes tooth staining, mucosal irritation, alteration of the taste and loses its pharmacological capacity, occurring the recolonization of bacteria as S. mutans (Vale et al, 2014). Current studies demonstrate weak evidence of the use of chlorhexidine for prevention of dental caries and reduction of S. mutans in children and adolescents (Walsh et al, 2015, Flamee et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dose-response evaluation of a copaiba-containing varnish against streptococcus mutans in vivo

Valadas

Gurgel

Mororó

et al. 2019

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dose-response evaluation of a copaiba-containing varnish against streptococcus mutans in vivo

Valadas

Gurgel

Mororó

et al. 2019

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

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“…Carvacrol and thymol showed inhibitory activity against both oral pathogens and food-borne microorganisms [ 47 – 49 ]. The anti- Candida activity of carvacrol and thymol were better than that of eugenol, and thymol has previously been used in Orabase [ 11 , 50 ], varnish [ 51 ], nano wound dressing [ 52 ], and for raw shrimp preservation [ 53 ]. Carvacrol was used in apple films [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms

Wang

Hsia

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activities of the phenolic essential oil (EO) compounds hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol against oral pathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia. coli were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), bacterial growth curves, temperature and pH stabilities, and synergistic effects of the liquid and vapor EO compounds were tested. The MIC/MBC of the EO compounds, ranging from the strongest to weakest, were hinokitiol (40–60 μg/mL/40-100 μg/mL), thymol (100–200 μg/mL/200-400 μg/mL), carvacrol (200–400 μg/mL/200-600 μg/mL), and menthol (500-more than 2500 μg/mL/1000-more than 2500 μg/mL). The antibacterial activities of the four EO phenolic compound based on the agar diffusion test and bacterial growth curves showed that the four EO phenolic compounds were stable under different temperatures for 24 h, but the thymol activity decreased when the temperature was higher than 80°C. The combination of liquid carvacrol with thymol did not show any synergistic effects. The activities of the vaporous carvacrol and thymol were inhibited by the presence of water. Continual violent shaking during culture enhanced the activity of menthol. Both liquid and vaporous hinokitiol were stable at different temperatures and pH conditions. The combination of vaporous hinokitiol with zinc oxide did not show synergistic effects. These results showed that the liquid and vapor phases of hinokitiol have strong anti-oral bacteria abilities. Hinokitiol has the potential to be applied in oral health care products, dental materials, and infection controls to exert antimicrobial activity.

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“…It is a natural monoterpene phenol and has many biological activities [15] for which reason it enjoys therapeutic application. For example, thymol is used as a wound dressing agent [17], varnish [18], food preservative [19], as an oral base [20] and as anti-bacterial agent [21]. Monoterpenes have been shown to disrupt membrane integrity; therefore anti-microbial effects of monoterpene-rich EOs are normally attributed to their terpene components [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hydroxyl moiety on carbon one (C1) in the monoterpene nucleus of thymol is indispensable for anti-bacterial effect of thymol

Boye¹,

Addo²,

Acheampong³

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Background: Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol is not only relevant clinically as an anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent but also holds the prospect as a natural template for pharmaceutical semisynthesis of therapeutic agents. It is a major component of essential oils from many plants. Evidence abound linking overall bioactivity of thymol to its monoterpene nucleus, specifically, the hydroxyl (-OH) substituent on carbon number one (C1) on the monoterpene nucleus. Other studies have posited that the overall bioactivity of thymol is not substantially altered by chemical modification of-OH on the C1 of the monoterpene nucleus. In view of this, it is still unclear as to whether removal or modification of the-OH on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus relates generally or context-dependently to bioactivity of thymol. Objective: The present study investigated anti-bacterial effects of ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Materials and methods: twelve ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol (6TM1s and 6TM2s) were synthesized and characterized by using HPLC, Mass spectrometry, and IR techniques. Anti-bacterial activity of the 12 thymol derivatives was evaluated using broth macrodilution and turbidimetric methods against pure clinical isolates (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli). Standard antibiotics used were Thymol Streptomycin and flucloxacillin, while DMSO was used as vehicle for thymol derivatives. MIC and MBC were determined. Results: Thymol produced broad-spectrum growth inhibition on all isolates. At equimolar concentrations, thymol and reference drugs produced concentration-dependent growth inhibition against the isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) compared to DMSO. Although the growth inhibitory effects of the ester-and-ether derivatives of thymol was significant (P 0.05) compared to DMSO, it was however insignificant (P ! 0.05) compared to thymol and reference antibiotics. Comparatively, at equimolar concentrations, ester-substituted derivatives of thymol, particularly the branched chain derivative (TM1C) produced more effective growth inhibition on the isolates than the ether-substituted derivatives of thymol. Thymol was twice as potent (MIC and MBC, 500 μg/ml) than both ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol (MIC and MBC, > 1000 μg/ml) on all the three clinical isolates. Increase in side chain bulkiness of-OH moiety on the monoterpene nucleus of thymol decreased growth inhibition on isolates. Conclusion: Thymol has demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-bacterial effects attributable to the hydroxyl moiety on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus. Structural modification of the hydroxyl moiety on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus of thymol with either ether-or-ester substitutions yielded no significant anti-bacterial effects.

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Effect of a chlorhexidine/thymol and a fluoride varnish on caries development in erupting permanent molars: a comparative study

Abstract: No difference in occlusal caries development in young permanent molars was displayed after topical applications of either a chlorhexidine/thymol varnish or a fluoride varnish during tooth eruption.

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Dose-response evaluation of a copaiba-containing varnish against streptococcus mutans in vivo

Dose-response evaluation of a copaiba-containing varnish against streptococcus mutans in vivo

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms

The hydroxyl moiety on carbon one (C1) in the monoterpene nucleus of thymol is indispensable for anti-bacterial effect of thymol

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