Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake

Hall, Kevin D.; Guo, Juen; Courville, Amber B.; Boring, James; Brychta, Robert J.; Chen, Kong Y.; Darcey, Valerie L.; Forde, Ciarán G.; Gharib, Ahmed M.; Gallagher, Isabelle; Howard, Rebecca; Joseph, Paule V.; Milley, Lauren; Ouwerkerk, Ronald; Raisinger, Klaudia; Rozga, Irene; Schick, Alex; Stagliano, Michael; Torres, Stephan; Walter, Mary; Walter, Peter J.; Yang, Shanna; Chung, Stephanie T.

doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1

Cited by 164 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This study further highlights the complexity of regulating energy intake by refuting the notion that individual macronutrients or the physiological consequences of ingesting them (carbohydrate-insulin responses) exert major leverage on human appetite and energy intake 1 . Notably, however, the authors' results were consistent with the notion that high-fat diets promote relative increases in energy intake and that high-carbohydrate, lower-energy dense diets do not promote excess energy intake.…”

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confidence: 71%

“…Recently, the debate about dietary carbohydrates versus dietary fats as drivers of energy intake and obesity has reemerged, reignited through the dueling 'carbohydrate-insulin' versus 'high-fat overconsumption' models of appetite control and energy-balance regulation. In this issue of Nature Medicine, Hall et al report their experimental test of these opposing models seeking to determine whether energy intake is driven by high-glycemic-index carbohydrates or higher-fat, higher-energy diets 1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the former, ingestion of high-glycemic-index carbohydrates elevates post-prandial insulin, which increases hunger, energy intake and body-fat accumulation. In the latter, high-fat foods have a weak effect on satiety due to their high energy density (kilocalories per gram (kcal/g)) and palatability, and promote unconscious or passive overconsumption of calories (but not necessarily food) and body-fat accumulation 1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Here, Hall et al carried out a carefully controlled, randomized crossover study to assess the effects on ad libitum energy intake of a plant-based, low-fat (high-carbohydrate) diet versus that of an animal-based, low-carbohydrate (high-fat) diet, in 20 healthy adults over two weeks 1 . The high-fat diet was twice as energy dense (kcal per gram of food) as the high-carbohydrate diet.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The crossover design meant that the participants were first assigned to one of the two diets for two weeks, followed by the other for another two weeks. The participants were given meals three times per day, of which they could eat as much as they wanted (ad libitum), and they were specifically told that this was not a weight-loss study 1 . The authors carried out meticulous measurements of appetite, food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight and composition of the study participants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Impact of carbohydrates, fat and energy density on energy intake

Stubbs

2021

Nat Med

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confidence: 71%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Impact of carbohydrates, fat and energy density on energy intake

Stubbs

2021

Nat Med

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Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer

Shah

Iyengar

2022

JAMA Oncol

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ImportanceAs the incidence of cancer and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, concurrently rise, there has been increasing awareness of the pervasive effect of nutrition. The whole foods plant-based diet (WFPBD) and ketogenic diet (KD) have gained popularity in oncology, and this topic is increasingly permeating clinical dialogue.ObservationsDietary intake is associated with multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Consumption of a plant-enriched diet is associated with reduced cancer incidence and is recommended by dietary guidelines for cancer prevention. Despite a starkly different nutrient composition, a WFPBD and KD can be associated with weight loss, decreased inflammation, and decreased insulin levels. In addition, a WFPBD is associated with increased fiber, phytochemicals, and butyrate levels and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, whereas a KD exerts potential anticancer effects by increasing β hydroxybutyrate levels. A KD may be of interest in select, less common settings, such as tumors treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, which induce hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Completed interventional trials have focused on increasing fruit and vegetable intake or reducing fat intake but have not specifically tested WFPBD or KD for cancer prevention or treatment. Currently available data support plant-based diets as opposed to KD as part of a lifestyle associated with reduced cancer risk. In the postdiagnosis setting, there are currently no rigorously tested approaches that support the recommendation of any diet to treat cancer.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this review suggest that the collective evidence supports plant-enriched diets vs KD for the reduction of cancer risk and the improvement of metabolic disorders in survivors. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to encourage use of dietary modification across the cancer continuum. Rigorous trial designs that adapt classical oncologic end points may identify populations that are likely to benefit from starkly contrasting diets. Current data support prioritization of plant-based diets, and future data could further personalize dietary recommendations in cancer populations.

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New insights in the mechanisms of weight‐loss maintenance: Summary from a Pennington symposium

Flanagan,

Spann,

Berry

et al. 2023

Obesity

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Obesity is a chronic disease that affects more than 650 million adults worldwide. Obesity not only is a significant health concern on its own, but predisposes to cardiometabolic comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Lifestyle interventions effectively promote weight loss of 5% to 10%, and pharmacological and surgical interventions even more, with some novel approved drugs inducing up to an average of 25% weight loss. Yet, maintaining weight loss over the long‐term remains extremely challenging, and subsequent weight gain is typical. The mechanisms underlying weight regain remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this Pennington Biomedical Scientific Symposium was to review and highlight the complex interplay between the physiological, behavioral, and environmental systems controlling energy intake and expenditure. Each of these contributions were further discussed in the context of weight‐loss maintenance, and systems‐level viewpoints were highlighted to interpret gaps in current approaches. The invited speakers built upon the science of obesity and weight loss to collectively propose future research directions that will aid in revealing the complicated mechanisms involved in the weight‐reduced state.

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Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake

Cited by 164 publications

References 56 publications

Impact of carbohydrates, fat and energy density on energy intake

Impact of carbohydrates, fat and energy density on energy intake

Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer

New insights in the mechanisms of weight‐loss maintenance: Summary from a Pennington symposium

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