Effect of a retailer intervention on cigarette sales to minors in San Diego County, California

Keay, D. K.; Woodruff, Susan I.; Wildey, Marianne B.; Kenney, Erin

doi:10.1136/tc.2.2.145

Cited by 39 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For instance, Forster et al (1992b) found that publicity alone surrounding new state penalties reduced sales by 28%. Keay et al (1993) described a successful intensive merchant education programme that involved visits to retailers, a combined with a community-based media campaign. The programme resulted in decreases in the number of stores selling to minors, from 70% to 32% (a 54% reduction), over a time period of 12 months.…”

Section: Youth Access and Retail Compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A review of 15 studies revealed that minors were successful in 73% of over-thecounter attempts to purchase tobacco and 96% of cigarette-vending machine sales attempts (William s et al, 1994;US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994). Attempts to enforce compliance with the laws had apparently been limited (DiFranza et al, 1987;Keay et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco: a framework for understanding empirical findings on youth access policies

Levy

Friend

2002

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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The purpose of this paper is to review empirical studies of youth access policies, to understand components of successful and unsuccessful interventions to help to formulate future policies, and to provide a framework for additional research. Studies of the effects of US youth access policies on retail compliance and youth smoking rates were collected using Internet searches, including Medline and other computerized databases, references identi®ed from bibliographies of pertinent articles and books, and suggestions from tobacco control experts. Results suggested that a successful policy that reduces retail sales is likely to involve a multicomponent approach that includes strong enforcement and penalties, as well as community education and mobilization. The effects of youth access policies on youth smoking rates, however, are mixed and inconclusive. In addition to commercial sales, attention should also be paid to non-retail sources of tobacco, such as parents, older siblings and peers, and black markets. Additional research is warranted to understand better the elements of successful retail policies, their impact on youth smoking rates, how non-retail availability may limit the effectiveness of reduced retail access, and strategies to reduce non-retail access.

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Section: Youth Access and Retail Compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco: a framework for understanding empirical findings on youth access policies

Levy

Friend

2002

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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“…Following an intensive six-month effort, purchase success was reduced from 74% to 39%, but six months after the intervention ended, purchase success rebounded to 59% (3,4). A study conducted in San Diego County with a more intensive intervention, including newspaper reports of purchase outcomes, showed a significant reduction in purchase success that was sustained over six months following the end of intervention (80,131). An even more intensive intervention making use of merchant education, rewards for clerks who refused sale during purchase attempts and reminder statements for clerks who sold to minors, publicity about clerks' refusal to sell, feedback to retailers about the outcome of purchase attempts in their stores, and widespread community endorsement resulted in an average reduction in tobacco purchase success from 57% to 22% in eight communities (9).…”

Section: Evidence For Effectiveness Of Youth Access Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

Forster

Wolfson

1998

Annu. Rev. Public Health

123

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The late 1980s marked the beginning of a sea change in research and intervention on tobacco use by young people, when the first studies were published demonstrating the ease with which adolescents could purchase cigarettes. Since then concern with the commercial availability of tobacco products to youth has grown, becoming deeply entrenched in both research and policy efforts. This paper reviews the history of restrictions on youth access to tobacco, the evidence that commercial sources of tobacco are available and important to adolescents, and the rationale for various components of policies to restrict access. We also review the recent expansion of policies addressing youth access to tobacco at all levels of government, the tobacco industry response to this expansion, and issues that have arisen as this expansion has developed.

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“…Cummings and colleagues assigned six matched pairs of communities to intervention or control status; within the intervention communities the stores were randomly allocated to different schedules of enforcement checks 13. The other three community studies in Massachusetts,25 San Diego26 27 and Sydney, Australia28 compared the intervention communities with a control community in which similar baseline and follow up assessments were conducted, but without random assignment. In Massachusetts,25 intervention communities were those in which active enforcement of tobacco sales regulations was intended.…”

Section: Data Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors

Stead

Lancaster²

2000

Tobacco Control

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Objective-To assess the eVectiveness of interventions to reduce underage access to tobacco by deterring shopkeepers from making illegal sales. Method-Systematic literature review. Data sources-The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction group specialised register and Medline. Studies of interventions to alter retailer behaviour were identified. The terms used for searching combined terms for smoking and tobacco use with terms for minors, children or young people, and retailers, sales or commerce. Study selection-Studies in which there was an intervention with retailers of tobacco, either through education about, or enforcement of, local ordinances. The outcomes were changes in retailer compliance with legislation (assessed by test purchasing), changes in young people's perceived ease of access to tobacco products, and changes in smoking behaviour. Controlled studies with or without random allocation of retail outlets or communities, and uncontrolled studies with pre-and post intervention assessment, were included. Data extraction-Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion. One extracted data with checking by the second. Data synthesis-The results were synthesised qualitatively, with greater weight given to controlled studies. Thirteen of 27 included studies used controls. Results-Giving retailers information was less eVective in reducing illegal sales than active enforcement and/or multicomponent educational strategies. No strategy achieved complete, sustained compliance. In three controlled trials, there was little eVect of intervention on youth perceptions of access or prevalence of smoking. Conclusions-Interventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths. However, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance. This may explain why there is limited evidence for an eVect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour.

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Effect of a retailer intervention on cigarette sales to minors in San Diego County, California

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Strategies for Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco: a framework for understanding empirical findings on youth access policies

Strategies for Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco: a framework for understanding empirical findings on youth access policies

YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO: Policies and Politics

A systematic review of interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors

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