“…These models are advantageous because they allow for precise control over variables such as timing of exposure and early experience that cannot be controlled for in human studies (Streissguth et al., 1980; Malanga and Kosofsky, 1999; Costa et al., 2000; Berman and Hannigan, 2000; Welch‐Carre, 2005). Data from mammalian models support the findings in humans demonstrating the effects of ethanol on a range of physical, behavioral, and physiological processes including brain growth and neural development (Diaz and Samson, 1980; Hofmann et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2005), neurotransmitter function (Costa et al., 2000; Guerri, 1998; Rubert et al., 2006; Druse et al., 2006), learning and memory (Arias and Gabriela Chotro, 2006; Dursun et al., 2006; Popovic et al., 2006; O’Callaghan et al., 2007), immune function (Jerrells, 1991; Giberson and Weinberg, 1992; Pallinger and Csaba, 2005; Aloe, 2006; Ping et al., 2007) and neuroendocrine function (Gabriel et al., 1998; Yang and Zoeller, 2002; Wilcoxon and Redei, 2004; Zhang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006).…”