Effect of a Walnut Diet on Office and 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Elderly Individuals

Doménech, Mónica; Serra‐Mir, Mercè; Roth, Irene; Freitas-Simoes, Tania M; Valls-Pedret, Cinta; Cofán, Montserrat; López, Antonio José Fernández; Sala‐Vila, Aleix; Calvo, Carlos; Rajaram, Sujatha; Sabaté, Joan; Ros, Emilio

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12766

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The results of our study indicated that supplementing the diet of older adults with a daily dose of walnuts and no other dietary advice for two years resulted in neither an adverse effect on development of MetS nor its reversion. Even so, we observed a trend towards a beneficial effect of walnut consumption on blood pressure, a finding that has been reported in previous nut studies [11,[31][32][33][34]. The results from the same WAHA feeding trial confirmed the favorable effects of walnut consumption in lowering blood pressure [31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Even so, we observed a trend towards a beneficial effect of walnut consumption on blood pressure, a finding that has been reported in previous nut studies [11,[31][32][33][34]. The results from the same WAHA feeding trial confirmed the favorable effects of walnut consumption in lowering blood pressure [31]. Other trials have also shown a decrease in blood pressure when consuming a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) supplemented with 30 g/d of mixed nuts (walnuts 15g, hazelnuts 7.5g, and almonds 7.5g) [11,32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Effects of Supplementing the Usual Diet with a Daily Dose of Walnuts for Two Years on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in an Elderly Cohort

et al. 2020

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Accumulating evidence links nut consumption with an improved risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, long-term trials are lacking. We examined the effects of a daily dose of walnuts for two years on MetS in a large elderly cohort. A total of 698 healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to either a walnut supplemented or a control diet. The participants in the walnut group were provided with packaged walnuts (1, 1.5, or 2 oz. or ~15% of energy) and asked to incorporate them into their daily habitual diet. The participants in the control group were asked to continue with their habitual diet and abstain from eating walnuts and other tree nuts. Intake of n-3 fatty acid supplements was not permitted in either group. Fasting blood chemistries, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and at the end of intervention. A total of 625 participants (67% women, mean age 69.1 y) completed this two-year study (90% retention rate). Triglycerides decreased in both walnut (−0.94 mg/dl) and control (−0.96 mg/dl) groups, with no significant between-group differences. There was a non-significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the walnut group (−1.30 and −0.71 mm Hg, respectively) and no change in the control group. Fasting blood glucose decreased by ~1 point in both the walnut and control groups. There were no significant between-group differences in the development or reversion of MetS. In conclusion, supplementing the diet of older adults with a daily dose of walnuts had no effect on MetS status or any of its components, although the walnut group tended to have lower blood pressure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effects of Supplementing the Usual Diet with a Daily Dose of Walnuts for Two Years on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in an Elderly Cohort

et al. 2020

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“…Numerous randomized studies have reported that diets enriched with nuts consistently reduced blood pressure [29,30] and LDL cholesterol [31,32]. The effects of a nut-rich diet on HDL cholesterol have varied among studies, although the relationship between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol usually decreases [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial Assessing the Safety and Short-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption by Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is to assess the safety of daily consumption of walnuts on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and to assess the short-term benefits of this intervention on risk factors associated with cardiovascular events. This led us to perform a prospective, randomized, crossover, pilot clinical trial examined 13 patients with CKD. Subjects were randomly assigned to a diet of 30 g of walnuts per day or the control diet. After 30 days, each group was given a 30-day washout period, and then switched to the alternate diet for 30 days. Urinary and serum levels of phosphorous and potassium, multiple vascular risk factors, and urinary inositol phosphates (InsPs) were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. Our results showed that the walnut dietary supplement led to reduced blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and albumin excretion, but had no effect on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23. This is the first report to show that daily consumption of walnuts by patients with CKD does not alter their physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23 when included in a sodium-, protein-, phosphate-, and potassium-controlled diet, and it could be an effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD.

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“…Despite being a meta-analysis, that study [ 65 ] may have had a few limitations due to heterogeneity. The results of Domènech et al [ 63 ] provide what appears to be reliable evidence, based mainly on its long-term duration and sample size.…”

Section: Alternative Plant Sources Of N3-pufasmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Walnuts are an important source of ALA [ 61 , 62 ]. A 2-years follow-up study recruited 236 elderly subjects, segregated into two groups: a control group without nut consumption, and an intervention group in which 15% of the approximate daily energy intake consisted of walnuts, at approximately 30–60 g/day of walnuts [ 63 ]. The researchers found a reduction of 8.5 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure, whose baseline levels were >125 mmHg; however, no changes were observed in diastolic blood pressure.…”

Section: Alternative Plant Sources Of N3-pufasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers—An Overview

2020

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Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.

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Effect of a Walnut Diet on Office and 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Elderly Individuals

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

Effects of Supplementing the Usual Diet with a Daily Dose of Walnuts for Two Years on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in an Elderly Cohort

Effects of Supplementing the Usual Diet with a Daily Dose of Walnuts for Two Years on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in an Elderly Cohort

A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial Assessing the Safety and Short-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption by Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers—An Overview

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