Effect of a Warm-Up Protocol with and without Facemask-Use against COVID-19 on Cognitive Function: A Pilot, Randomized Counterbalanced, Cross-Sectional Study

Slimani, Maamer; Miarka, Bianca; Znazen, Hela; Moalla, Wassim; Hammami, Amri; Paravlić, Armin H.; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi

doi:10.3390/ijerph18115885

Cited by 10 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Participants in the different conditions did not differ in RPE during the stepping task, which aligns with previous research from Shaw et al [ 12 ] and Epstein et al [ 10 ]. These results are different than some previous research demonstrating that the face masks had significantly higher RPE compared to no face mask following a warm-up protocol [ 16 ]. The current study had participants exercise until exhaustion, completing one task collecting RPE throughout, while Slimani and colleagues [ 16 ] had participants complete a warm-up comprised of multiple tasks (e.g., light tempo runs, arms circles, high knees jog, back kicking, and stretching exercises) and collected RPE before and after each session.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, scholars have examined how face coverings impact the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) but report inconsistent findings [ 10 , 12 , 13 , 16 ]. In one study examining the impact of face masks on RPE and cognitive function, Slimani et al [ 16 ] reported that the face mask condition had significantly higher RPE compared to no face mask following a randomized 15-min warm-up protocol. Moreover, the face mask condition in the research of Slimani et al [ 16 ] experienced significantly higher increases in concentration performance compared to no face mask condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study examining the impact of face masks on RPE and cognitive function, Slimani et al [ 16 ] reported that the face mask condition had significantly higher RPE compared to no face mask following a randomized 15-min warm-up protocol. Moreover, the face mask condition in the research of Slimani et al [ 16 ] experienced significantly higher increases in concentration performance compared to no face mask condition. Although non-significant, the face mask condition had fewer errors performing the concentration task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Face Coverings on Perceived Exertion and Attention Allocation during a Stepping Task

Braun-Trocchio¹,

Renteria²,

Warfield³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire world from lockdowns to various recommended restrictions including social distancing and wearing face coverings. In a safe environment, cardiovascular exercise is important for both physical health and mental health. The current study examined the effects of face coverings on rating of perceived exertion and attention allocation during an exertive stepping task. Participants completed a stepping task with a weighted vest at 20% of their bodyweight until volitional fatigue with a face covering (n = 23) or without a face covering (n = 31). Results revealed a non-significant difference (p = 0.25) in the duration of the stepping task (in seconds) between the no face covering (M = 455.81, SD = 289.77) and face covering (M = 547.83, SD = 285.93) conditions. Results indicated increases in perceived exertion (p < 0.001) and heart rate (p < 0.001) as time progressed across the four time points (i.e., 30 s, 1/3 time to exhaustion, 2/3 time to exhaustion, and exhaustion) in both conditions. No significant differences were found between the conditions for RPE (p = 0.09) and heart rate (p = 0.50). Participants wearing a face covering were more internally focused across the duration of the stepping task (p = 0.05). This study has relevance for applied practitioners implementing physical activity interventions that require face coverings.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Face Coverings on Perceived Exertion and Attention Allocation during a Stepping Task

Braun-Trocchio¹,

Renteria²,

Warfield³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Some authors even hypothesize that mask application might result in headache, impaired cognition 17 , or in cardiac or renal overload 18 without providing clear evidence. Contrastingly, no detrimental reductions in well-being and performance 19 and even positive effects of mask wearing during exercise on cognitive function 20 were reported by early RCTs. It is of utmost importance to further evaluate these effects in order to prove that mask application during daily living does not lead to detrimental health consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Blood gas levels, cardiovascular strain and cognitive performance during surgical mask and filtering face piece application

Grimm

Niederer

Nienhaus

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Mask induced airway resistance and carbon dioxide rebreathing is discussed to impact gas exchange and to induce discomfort and impairments in cognitive performance. N = 23 healthy humans (13 females, 10 males; 23.5 ± 2.1 years) participated in this randomized crossover trial (3 arms, 48-h washout periods). During interventions participants wore either a surgical face mask (SM), a filtering face piece (FFP2) or no mask (NM). Interventions included a 20-min siting period and 20 min steady state cycling on an ergometer at 77% of the maximal heart rate (HR). Hemodynamic data (HR, blood pressure), metabolic outcomes (pulse derived oxygen saturation, capillary carbon dioxide (pCO2), and oxygen partial pressure (pO2), lactate, pH, base excess), subjective response (ability to concentrate, arousal, perceived exertion) and cognitive performance (Stroop Test) were assessed. Compared to NM, both masks increased pCO2 (NM 31.9 ± 3.3 mmHg, SM = 35.2 ± 4.0 mmHg, FFP2 = 34.5 ± 3.8 mmHg, F = 12.670, p < 0.001) and decreased pH (NM = 7.42 ± 0.03, SM = 7.39 ± 0.03, FFP2 = 7.39 ± 0.04, F = 11.4, p < 0.001) during exercise. The FFP2 increased blood pressure during exercise (NM = 158 ± 15 mmHg, SM = 159 ± 16 mmHg, FFP2 = 162 ± 17 mmHg, F = 3.21, p = 0.050), the SM increased HR during sitting (NM = 70 ± 8 bpm, SM = 74 ± 8 bpm, FFP2 = 73 ± 8 bpm, F = 4.70, p = 0.014). No mask showed any comparative effect on other hemodynamic, metabolic, subjective, or cognitive outcomes. Mask wearing leads to slightly increased cardiovascular stress and elevated carbon dioxide levels during exercise but did not affect cognitive performance or wellbeing.

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“…Information about the effects of facemask on physiological and cognitive functions during exercise is limited ( Shaw et al, 2021a ; Slimani et al, 2021 ). It seems that wearing a mask during exercise imposes extra pressure on ventilation ( Hopkins et al, 2021 ), which may lead to small changes in physiological parameters, such as increased dyspnea, end-tidal CO 2 , heart rate and respiratory rate ( Shaw et al, 2021b ; Hopkins et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of facemask use on cognitive function during a maximal running aerobic fitness test

Slimani

Paravlić²,

Abazović³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Background: The aim of the present randomized, crossover study was to determine the physiological and cognitive function responses while wearing a facemask during a maximal running aerobic fitness test.Methods: Fourteen healthy, nonsmoking physical education students (age = 17.5 years, height = 1.72 m, body mass = 70.4 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. They carried out a 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT) while wearing or not a cloth facemask on two separate occasions performed in random order. The “Rating of Perceived Exertion” (RPE) and the d2 test for visual attention were administered and assessed before and immediately after the MSFT for both conditions (with or without a facemask).Results: When wearing the facemask, the participants exhibited lower maximal aerobic speed (p = 0.039), VO2max (p = 0.039), distance covered during the MSFT (p = 0.057), and concentration performance (p < 0.001), when compared with the control situation (without facemask). Moreover, they made more errors compared with the control condition (p = 0.021). The use of a cloth facemask during maximal endurance running tests (such as the MSFT) reduced VO2max, and measures of cognitive performance as assessed by the test of focused visual attention (the d2 test). This data suggests avoiding using a cloth facemask during maximal aerobic fitness tests, and before any tasks that require a high level of visual attention.

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Effect of a Warm-Up Protocol with and without Facemask-Use against COVID-19 on Cognitive Function: A Pilot, Randomized Counterbalanced, Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

The Effects of Face Coverings on Perceived Exertion and Attention Allocation during a Stepping Task

The Effects of Face Coverings on Perceived Exertion and Attention Allocation during a Stepping Task

Blood gas levels, cardiovascular strain and cognitive performance during surgical mask and filtering face piece application

Effect of facemask use on cognitive function during a maximal running aerobic fitness test

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