Effect of a weak current on wind-generated waves in the wrinkle regime

Abstract

We investigate numerically the influence of a weak current on wind-generated surface deformations for wind velocity below the onset of regular waves. In that regime, the liquid surface is populated by small disorganised deformations elongated in the wind direction, referred to as wrinkles. These wrinkles are the superposition of incoherent wakes generated by the pressure fluctuations traveling in the turbulent boundary layer in the air. In this work, we account for the effect of a weak sheared current in the liquid, either longitudinal or transverse, by introducing a modified Doppler-shifted dispersion relation to lowest order in viscosity and current in the spectral theory previously derived by Perrard et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 873, 1020(2019]. This theory describes the simplified one-way problem of surface deformations excited by a prescribed turbulent forcing, thereby neglecting the retroaction of waves on turbulence in the air. The forcing is taken from a set of direct numerical simulations of a turbulent channel flow. We determine the wrinkle properties (size and amplitude) as a function of the liquid viscosity and current properties (surface velocity, thickness, and orientation). We find significant modifications of the wrinkle geometry by the currents: the wrinkles are tilted for a transverse current and show finer scales for a longitudinal current. However, their characteristic size is weakly affected, and their amplitude remains independent of the current. We discuss the implications of these results on the onset of regular waves at larger wind velocity. In this work, we introduce a spectral interpolation method to evaluate the surface deformation fields, based on a refined meshing close to the dispersion relation of the waves. This method, which can be extended to any dispersive system excited by a random forcing, strongly reduces the discretization effects at a low computational cost.

The principal stage in wind-wave generation

“…Based on the experimental work of Paquier et al (2015Paquier et al ( , 2016, Perrard et al (2019) proposed a spectral theory for the spatial-temporal evolution of wrinkles under low wind conditions. Nové-Josserand et al (2020) numerically studied the effect of a weak current on wind-generated waves in the wrinkle regime. Recently, Wu & Deike (2021) numerically investigated the growth rate of gravity-capillary waves in the viscous regime.…”

“…Nové-Josserand et al. (2020) numerically studied the effect of a weak current on wind-generated waves in the wrinkle regime. Recently, Wu & Deike (2021) numerically investigated the growth rate of gravity–capillary waves in the viscous regime.…”