Effect of Acetic Acid as Catalyst on the Properties of Epoxy Foam

Hamad, Wan Nur Fadilla Wan; Teh, Pei Leng; Yeoh, Cheow Keat

doi:10.1080/03602559.2012.762375

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…where W is the weight (g) of aminated-lignin, A is the amount (mL) of HCl solution added, and N is the molarity of HCl solution. The stoichiometric ratio of epoxy resin to hardener was calculated based on eq 3 27 180 240 3M Fluorinert FC-72 28 65 240 sodium bicarbonate 29 100 60 sodium bicarbonate 30 160−180 3 polydimethylsiloxane 2, 31 20 1440 poly(methylhydrogensiloxane) 32 50−120 60 carbon dioxide 33 80−120 a 30−60 decafluoropentane 34 150 120 2,4,6-tris(dimethyl-aminomethyl)phenol 35 160 60 a…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Novel Curing Accelerator-Blowing Agent for Formulating Epoxy Rigid Foam Containing Aminated-Lignin

Nikafshar

Fang

Nejad

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Rapid curing of epoxy foams at room temperature is critical to reducing energy consumption and processing time at the manufacturing sites. In this work, a novel ultra-accelerator was developed by mixing calcium carbonate with nitric acid, which acted as a blowing agent and remarkably stimulated foam hardening. Softwood kraft lignin was aminated via Mannich reaction and utilized as a cohardener to cure commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to formulate a series of epoxy foams. The foams prepared with this novel accelerator-blowing agent were cured in 1 min at room temperature, which is significantly lower than the time (usually several hours at low temperatures) that takes for an epoxy foam to cure using currently available hardeners in the market, that is, primary amine (m-phenylenediamine) or anhydride (methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride). Also, use of this novel blowing agent provided opportunities to prepare an epoxy foam at room temperature without the need to postcure. On the other hand, epoxy foams cured by aminated-lignin (EFAL) displayed comparable thermal stability to epoxy foams cured with a pure petroleum-based hardener [isophorone diamine (IPDA)]. Benefiting from the rigidity of the aromatic skeleton of lignin, the epoxy foam EFAL-15, which was prepared by using 15 wt % (based on the epoxy resin) of aminated-lignin as a cohardener, showed much higher compressive strength (6466 kPa) than the foam cured using commercial hardener IPDA (3437 kPa).

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Novel Curing Accelerator-Blowing Agent for Formulating Epoxy Rigid Foam Containing Aminated-Lignin

Nikafshar

Fang

Nejad

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Up to now, foaming of epoxy resins has been never studied under microgravity. On Earth, innovation is continuous: Latest researches on foaming have been made in extrusion foaming and microcellular foaming . Epoxy foams have been evaluated as technical materials in microgravity, particularly for their shape memory behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid‐state foaming of epoxy resin under hypergravity and simulated microgravity

et al. 2018

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Solid-state foaming of epoxy resins has been performed under simulated microgravity by the random positioning machine (RPM) and under hypergravity by the large diameter centrifuge (LDC). More than 50 tests have been performed in static and dynamic conditions in different experimental configurations. Longitudinal, radial, and volumetric foaming ratios have been extracted from foaming tests, and correlated with the applied gravity conditions. Results show that the gravity vector has two opposite effects; the first on the flow front movement and the second on the contact between the sample and the oven. The second effect seems to be stronger, and the important role of heat transfer is confirmed. Nevertheless, effects related to apply centrifugal forces have been found and discussed, above all in the case of LDC tests. K E Y W O R D Sfoams, processing, thermosets

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“…For example, sodium bicarbonate is a harmless substance that can be used as a blowing agent since it decomposes during heating, releasing CO 2 and H 2 O. It was used in various studies with epoxy resins [ 1 , 26 ]. Najib et al used it as a foaming agent in natural rubber [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Temperature Epoxy Foam: Optimization of Process Parameters

et al. 2016

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For many years, reduction of fuel consumption has been a major aim in terms of both costs and environmental concerns. One option is to reduce the weight of fuel consumers. For this purpose, the use of a lightweight material based on rigid foams is a relevant choice. This paper deals with a new high temperature epoxy expanded material as substitution of phenolic resin, classified as potentially mutagenic by European directive Reach. The optimization of thermoset foam depends on two major parameters, the reticulation process and the expansion of the foaming agent. Controlling these two phenomena can lead to a fully expanded and cured material. The rheological behavior of epoxy resin is studied and gel time is determined at various temperatures. The expansion of foaming agent is investigated by thermomechanical analysis. Results are correlated and compared with samples foamed in the same temperature conditions. The ideal foaming/gelation temperature is then determined. The second part of this research concerns the optimization of curing cycle of a high temperature trifunctional epoxy resin. A two-step curing cycle was defined by considering the influence of different curing schedules on the glass transition temperature of the material. The final foamed material has a glass transition temperature of 270˝C.

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Effect of Acetic Acid as Catalyst on the Properties of Epoxy Foam

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Development of a Novel Curing Accelerator-Blowing Agent for Formulating Epoxy Rigid Foam Containing Aminated-Lignin

Development of a Novel Curing Accelerator-Blowing Agent for Formulating Epoxy Rigid Foam Containing Aminated-Lignin

Solid‐state foaming of epoxy resin under hypergravity and simulated microgravity

High Temperature Epoxy Foam: Optimization of Process Parameters

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