Effect of additives on particulate matter formation of solid biofuel blends from wood and straw

Höfer, Isabel; Kaltschmitt, Martin

doi:10.1007/s13399-016-0217-7

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The presence of silica, calcite, and CaO is in accordance with the results from the combustion of wood [79][80][81]. Alumina and magnesia are expected crystalline phases in ash samples from the combustion of wood pellets; this is also in accordance with previous literature results [30,40].…”

Section: Grate Ashsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Further, its application reduces market pressure for conventional wood biomass as a fuel resource. There have been a number of recent studies investigating biomass blends, such as follows: red canary grass and wood [34], vine and industrial cork residue [35], grape pomace and Pyrenean oak [36], non-woody biomass and wood [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49], among them straw/grasses and wood [28,38,40,41,45], other crop residues and wood [42][43][44]47,48], biomass and sludge [44,49], animal manure and lignocellulosic biomass [50]. What they have found is that blending a "primary fuel" (fuel of interest) with another secondary fuel of "higher-quality", could influence particulate matter formation [42,45], secure stabile and efficient boiler operation [44], and prevent sintering (and other unwanted ash-associated effects) [2,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fuel Improvement Measures for Particulate Matter Emission Reduction during Corn Cob Combustion

2021

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Fuel-related measures and modernization of small-scale combustion units has become the focus of attention in the renewable heat generation sector, as a means to promote local biomass utilization and fuel-flexibility while meeting strict environmental legislative requirements. With the aim to mitigate total particulate matter emissions and ash-associated problems characteristic of crop residue combustion, (1) corn cob pellets (with and without kaolin and binder) as well as (2) fuel blends with wood pellets were combusted in a pellet oven under full load. Results show that additivation or fuel blending (e.g., 50 wt. % wood and 50 wt. % corn cob pellets) reduce total particulate and CO-emissions by 48 to 60 wt. % and 64 to 89 wt. %, respectively, in comparison to baseline emissions from non-additivized corn cob pellets. Kaolin prevented sintering of corn cob ash. However, considerable grate ash entrainment was observed. TPM consists of a “primary network”—polyhedral and spherical particles approximately 1 μm in diameter (mainly KCl), and a “secondary network” built on top of the primary network, consisting of square-prism-shaped particles of approximately 200 nm in diameter. KCl and K2SO4 are main compounds in particles from corn cob and wood pellet combustion, respectively. Effective measures demonstrated within this study should be complemented with low-cost coarse ash removal systems.

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Section: Grate Ashsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Improvement Measures for Particulate Matter Emission Reduction during Corn Cob Combustion

2021

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“…The volatile substances in the crop straws consist mainly of low-molecular hydrocarbons which are easier to ignite [ 20 ]. In Table 2 , there are no significant differences between the ignition times of the three straws (about 7–10 s).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter

Song

et al. 2021

Materials

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Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl− in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.

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“…Thus, pellets are viable only if the fuel costs are relatively low compared to investments. Also, a possible solution in research is the addition of kaolin and other additives which bind aerosol-forming elements to the bottom ash by forming compounds which are stable at fuel bed temperatures [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a metal mesh filter prototype with wet regeneration

Baumgarten

Grammer

Ehard³

et al. 2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Wood combustion is a major part of the current efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. However, wood combustion leads to emissions of other pollutants like fine particulate matter. A new option to reduce particulate matter emissions is a metal mesh filter with counter current flushing. An automatic prototype was tested under realistic conditions including starts and stops of the boiler. For regeneration, the filter was flushed using water in opposite flow direction. The water was recycled multiple times to limit water consumption. The results are very promising. Regeneration was successful and no signs of decay could be observed over 419.5 h of operation and 234 regenerations. The filter can be operated during all phases of boiler operation, which is a major step forward compared to alternative secondary measures. Separation efficiency was high with 80–86%, even though the filter showed internal leakage, which reduced the separation efficiency. Additionally, waste products were examined. About 1000 l wastewater can be expected to be produced every month, which could be disposed using the communal waste water system, given the low heavy metal loading. A part of the fine particulate matter is unsoluble and has to be removed from the regeneration water before reuse. The unsoluble fraction contains the majority of heavy metals and has to be disposed as fly ash or used for urban mining. Generally spoken, the metal mesh filter is a new, promising option which can overcome limitations of current secondary measures without increasing costs given its simple and robust construction.

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Effect of additives on particulate matter formation of solid biofuel blends from wood and straw

Cited by 28 publications

References 67 publications

Fuel Improvement Measures for Particulate Matter Emission Reduction during Corn Cob Combustion

Fuel Improvement Measures for Particulate Matter Emission Reduction during Corn Cob Combustion

Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter

Evaluation of a metal mesh filter prototype with wet regeneration

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