“…The Raman bands of Mn 2 O 3 were detected on the catalysts containing W at 571, Mo at 600, 695 cm À1 , V at 513, 557, 590, 601, 655, 678, Cr at 695, and Nb at 549, 579, 599, 650, 687 cm À1 . On V-Na-Mn/SiO 2 nanocatalyst, the broad bands observed between 820 and 920 cm À1 with maximum at about 875 cm À1 correspond to V-O stretching modes [22]. The V5 5O, Nb5 5O, Mo5 5O and W5 5O stretching modes are near 994, 976, 1010 and 1011 cm À1 , respectively [23].…”