Effect of adult nutrition on the melanization immune response of the malaria vector <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>

Koella, Jacob C.; Sørensen, F. L.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00381.x

Cited by 73 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The Drosophila medium prepared in the Cornell core facility (this study) is considerably richer that that utilized at Penn State (previous study), a difference that is readily apparent in the developmental time and fecundity of the flies (our unpublished observations). Nutritional state has previously been shown to play a role in the quality of immune response in Drosophila and other insects (e.g., Azambuja et al 1997;Suwanchaichinda and Paskewitz 1998;Vass and Nappi 1998;Koella and Sorense 2002;McKean and Nunney 2005) and may influence the genetic basis for variation in immunocompetence. By assaying the flies in nutrient-rich conditions, we may have inadvertently emphasized genetic differences in resource allocation and development, whereas the comparatively nutrient-poor conditions may have sensitized the previous assay to subtle differences in direct immune function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster Resistance to Infection: A Comparison Across Bacteria

Lazzaro¹,

Sackton²,

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insects use a generalized immune response to combat bacterial infection. We have previously noted that natural populations of D. melanogaster harbor substantial genetic variation for antibacterial immunocompetence and that much of this variation can be mapped to genes that are known to play direct roles in immunity. It was not known, however, whether the phenotypic effects of variation in these genes are general across the range of potentially infectious bacteria. To address this question, we have reinfected the same set of D. melanogaster lines with Serratia marcescens, the bacterium used in the previous study, and with three additional bacteria that were isolated from the hemolymph of wild-caught D. melanogaster. Two of the new bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis, are gram positive. The third, Providencia burhodogranaria, is gram negative like S. marcescens. Drosophila genotypes vary highly significantly in bacterial load sustained after infection with each of the four bacteria, but mean loads are largely uncorrelated across bacteria. We have tested statistical associations between immunity phenotypes and nucleotide polymorphism in 21 candidate immunity genes. We find that molecular variation in some genes, such as Tehao, contributes to phenotypic variation in the suppression of only a subset of the pathogens. Variation in SR-CII and 18-wheeler, however, has effects that are more general. Although markers in SR-CII and 18-wheeler explain .20% of the phenotypic variation in resistance to L. lactis and E. faecalis, respectively, most of the molecular polymorphisms tested explain ,10% of the total variance in bacterial load sustained after infection.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster Resistance to Infection: A Comparison Across Bacteria

Lazzaro¹,

Sackton²,

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to energy for flight, longevity, and reproduction, nutritional status also influences the immune melanization response of Anopheles mosquitoes (Suwanchaichinda and Paskewitz 1998;Koella and Sörensen 2002;Okech et al 2004) and susceptibility of Aedes mosquitoes to arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) infection (Grimstad and Haramis 1984;Grimstad and Walker 1991;Nasci and Mitchell 1994). Mosquitoes can acquire arboviruses by imbibing infective blood meals from an infected vertebrate.…”

Section: Ale and Female Mosquitoes Ingest Plant Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Stress Affects Mosquito Survival and Vector Competence for West Nile Virus

Vaidyanathan

Fleisher

Minnick

et al. 2008

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most anautogenous female mosquitoes ingest plant carbohydrates for flight energy and survival, and they imbibe vertebrate blood for egg development. We evaluated the effect of different sucrose meals following a blood meal containing West Nile virus (WNV) on Culex pipiens pipiens survival, nutritional status, and susceptibility to viral infection and transmission. Ten days after blood feeding, no mosquitoes survived on distilled water, 55% survived on 2% sucrose, 61% on 10 and 20% sucrose meals, and over 70% survived on 40% sucrose. There was a positive correlation between sucrose meal concentration and detectable sugars, glycogen, and lipid in whole-body homogenates. Average sugar values increased from 0 microg per starved mosquito (range 0-1.0 microg) to an average of 392 microg per mosquito fed on 40% sucrose (85-1088 microg). Average glycogen values increased from 0 microg (0-5.7 microg) to an average of 620 microg (118-1421 microg). Average lipid values were identical for mosquitoes in the starved and 2% sucrose series (38 microg) and increased to 172 microg per mosquito fed on 40% sucrose (92-266 microg). Mosquitoes in all sucrose series were equally susceptible to WNV infection (p > 0.5), but mosquitoes with lower nutrient reserves as a result of lower sucrose meals were more likely to orally transmit virus (p < 0.05). We discuss how mosquito nutritional status influences probability of daily survival, susceptibility to infection, and vectorial capacity. We conclude that maintaining C. p. pipiens on standard 10% sucrose is justified in light of these results.

show abstract

“…In addition to their role in housekeeping protein synthesis, insects use large amounts of aromatic substrates during ecdysis (Sugumaran, 2000), cuticle hardening and tanning (Sugumaran and Nelson, 1998;Vincent, 2002), egg chorion formation (Li, 1994); wound healing (Galko and Krasnow, 2004;Shi et al, 2006), immunity (Siva-Jothy andThompson, 2002), melanotic encapsulation of pathogens (Hillyer et al, 2003;Koella and Sorensen, 2002), neurotransmission (Caveney and Donly, 2002;Osborne, 1996) and hormonal signaling (Gade and Goldsworthy, 2003;Kelly et al, 1994). Hence the demand for aromatic substrates is expected to be accompanied by an elevated expression of aromatic NATs.…”

Section: Role Of the Agnat6-agnat8 Duet In Secretory Epitheliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy and specificity of two Na+–aromatic amino acid symporters in the model alimentary canal of mosquito larvae

Okech

Meleshkevitch

Miller

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe nutrient amino acid transporter (NAT) subfamily is the largest subdivision of the sodium neurotransmitter symporter family (SNF; also known as SLC6; HUGO). There are seven members of the NAT population in the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, two of which, AgNAT6 and AgNAT8, preferably transport indole-and phenyl-branched substrates, respectively. The relative expression and distribution of these aromatic NATs were examined with transporter-specific antibodies in Xenopus oocytes and mosquito larval alimentary canal, representing heterologous and tissue expression systems, respectively. NATspecific aromatic-substrate-induced currents strongly corresponded with specific accumulation of both transporters in the plasma membrane of oocytes. Immunolabeling revealed elevated expressions of both transporters in specific regions of the larval alimentary canal, including salivary glands, cardia, gastric caeca, posterior midgut and Malpighian tubules. Differences in relative expression densities and spatial distribution of the transporters were prominent in virtually all of these regions, suggesting unique profiles of the aromatic amino acid absorption. For the first time reversal of the location of a transporter between apical and basal membranes was identified in posterior and anterior epithelial domains corresponding with secretory and absorptive epithelial functions, respectively. Both aromatic NATs formed putative homodimers in the larval gut whereas functional monomers were over-expressed heterologously in Xenopus oocytes. The results unequivocally suggest functional synergy between substrate-specific AgNAT6 and AgNAT8 in intracellular absorption of aromatic amino acids. More broadly, they suggest that the specific selectivity, regional expression and polarized membrane docking of NATs represent key adaptive traits shaping functional patterns of essential amino acid absorption in the metazoan alimentary canal and other tissues.

show abstract

Effect of adult nutrition on the melanization immune response of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi

Cited by 73 publications

References 37 publications

Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster Resistance to Infection: A Comparison Across Bacteria

Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster Resistance to Infection: A Comparison Across Bacteria

Nutritional Stress Affects Mosquito Survival and Vector Competence for West Nile Virus

Synergy and specificity of two Na+–aromatic amino acid symporters in the model alimentary canal of mosquito larvae

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About