The reciprocal activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells (NKs) plays a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The effect of aging on this cross-talk, a critical step in virus disease control and tumor immunology, has not been reported. Splenic DCs and NKs were purified from both young and old C57BL/6 mice and cocultured in the presence of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). The resulting activation of NKs was measured as expression of CD69 and secretion of IFN-γ. However, DCs from old mice could not activate NKs from either young or old mice in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, DCs from young mice efficiently activated NKs from both young and old mice. DCs from old mice were deficient in poly I: C-stimulated secretion of IL-15, IL-18, and IFN-α. Gene expression analysis revealed many other differences between DCs of old and young mice. Young mice strongly eradicated MHC class I-negative NK-sensitive RMA-S lymphoma mutant tumor cells, but old mice did not, in concert with the previous report that mousepox kills aged, but not young, C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, a similar dysfunction of DC and its key role in NK activation was found in 27 out of 55 healthy human donors. A few years later, the reciprocal interaction of DCs and NKs during viral infection was also described (3). Cytokines from DCs as well as cell-cell contact were shown to enhance NK function. DCs secreted IL-12 and IL-18, which promoted cytokine production by NKs (4, 5). Further, membrane-bound IL-15/15Rα on DCs is important in promoting NK survival and proliferation (6-8), and type I IFNs are crucial in the induction of NK cytotoxicity. In addition, some surface molecules on DCs-for example, CD40, CD48, CD70, CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B (MICA/B), leukocyte function-associated Ag-1 (LFA-1), and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)-have been reported to be involved in the effect of DCs on NKs (1).It is well known that aged humans are more susceptible to malignancies and infectious diseases and less responsive to vaccination because of immunosenescence-that is, progressive deterioration in immune function with aging. Increasing evidence shows aging affects many cells in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity (9). For example, impairment of DC and macrophage functions, including phagocytic activity, cytokine secretion, wound repair, and antigen presentation, were observed (10, 11). In T cells, a shift from the naïve to memory phenotype, a decreased proliferative response, and impaired cytolytic activity were found (12). Some of these defects in cell functions are intrinsic, whereas others might be the consequence of the complicated interactions between immune cells (13). As key cells in innate immunity, functional changes in both NKs and DCs with aging were described. For example, increased numbers of NKs, decreased NK cytotoxicity on a per-cell basis, and reduced levels of cytokines and chemokines upon activation were reported in humans (14). Importantly, aged C57BL/6 mi...