Effect of ammonium chloride on the multiplication of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Abstract

The multiplication of IPNV in CHSE cells is inhibited by ammonium chloride. This inhibition is complete if NH4Cl is added early in the infective cycle. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that NH4Cl reduces the number of virus producing cells and thus suggests it may act by inhibiting virus internalization. In addition, NH4Cl can produce partial inhibition of IPNV multiplication if added later in the replicative cycle. Analysis of 3H-uridine incorporation into viral RNA shows that this later effect could be an inhibition of viral RNA synthesis.

Stability of Minimum Essential Medium functionality despite l-glutamine decomposition

“…The results corroborate well known fact that sensitivity to ammonia is dependent on the cell type, and proved high resistivity of Vero cells to ammonia (Hassell et al 1991). Inhibition of reovirus growth in mouse L-cells (Canning and Fields 1983), pancreatic necrosis virus in CHSE cells (Farias et al 1988), and Herpes simplex virus in Vero cells (Koyama and Uchida 1989) by ammonia added to culture media has been described. All these effects were observed when ammonia concentrations were above 10 mM, much higher than those routinely found in mammalian cell cultures.…”

Attachment and entry of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) into CHSE-214 cells

“…It is also known that ammonium chloride -neutralizing agent of the endosomal pH -inhibits the multiplication of the virus; but these experiments do not demonstrate that IPNV requires the endosomic pH to start productive infection [9].…”

“…The fact that IPNV enters by endocytosis, as well as the fact that its multiplication is sensitive to agents which neutralize the endosomic pH [9], makes it possible to hypothesize that the endosomic pH promotes the changes required to let the virions escape towards the cytosol. Experiments are being performed at present to test this hypothesis.…”

“…The RNA synthesis assay was performed as described before [9]. Briefly, CHSE-214 cells were infected with IPNV in PBS at a MOI of 5 PFU/cell in the presence of inactivated virus.…”

Vaporization, bioactive formulations and a marine natural product: different perspectives on antivirals

“…Ethanol is also added to increase the solubility of some of the polar species. Ammonium chloride, which can have a negative impact on the viral replication rate, is included at low levels [5]. Fatty acids including stearic, oleic, linoleic and/or arachidonic acids are included at <1% of the total mass.…”