Effect of an 18-wk weight-training program on energy expenditure and physical activity

Etten, L. M.L.A. van; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Verstappen, F. T. J.; Boon, Bart J. B.; Saris, Wim H. M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.298

Cited by 103 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In untrained subjects, the initial exercise-induced increase in AEE is nearly twice the estimated cost of the training. 33 Exercise training subsequently increases exercise economy. We observed an increase in AEE of about 15 MJ per week in untrained subjects, preparing to run a half-marathon ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Changes In Physical Activity and Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of energy expenditure in humans

2016

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Energy expenditure is determined by body size and body composition and by food intake and physical activity. Body size and body composition are the determinants of resting energy expenditure. Higher weight results in higher energy requirement through a higher resting requirement because of a higher maintenance cost of a larger body. Activity-induced energy expenditure is the most variable component of total energy expenditure. Smaller and leaner subjects generally move more as activity energy expenditure in larger subjects is not higher in proportion to the cost of moving with a higher body weight. Food intake induces changes in energy expenditure as a function of changes in body size and body composition. In addition, energy restriction induces an adaptive reduction of energy expenditure through a lowering of tissue metabolism and a reduction of body movement. An exercise-induced increase in activity expenditure is a function of the training status. In untrained subjects, exercise induces a larger increase in total energy expenditure than can be attributed to the energy cost of a training program. Trained subjects have a higher performance at the same expenditure through a higher exercise economy. INTRODUCTIONEnergy expenditure in humans is determined by body size and body composition, environment and behavior. A larger body, especially a larger fat-free mass, requires more maintenance and thus induces a higher basal metabolic rate or resting energy expenditure. The main environmental determinant of energy expenditure is ambient temperature, where energy expenditure increases in a cold environment through shivering and in a hot environment through panting. Behavioral determinants of energy expenditure include food intake and physical activity. In normal daily life, environmental factors like ambient temperature are negligible. We generally choose our environment to feel comfortable. We stay in the thermal neutral zone by controlling the temperature of our homes and dress according to climatic conditions when going out. Thus, this review is restricted to determinants including subject characteristics, food intake and physical activity.Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be split in three components: maintenance or resting energy expenditure (REE); energy expenditure for the processing of ingested food or diet-induced energy expenditure (DEE); and activity-induced energy expenditure (AEE). Here, control of energy expenditure is reviewed by comparing TEE and the three components in relation to differences for the subject characteristics body size and body composition, followed by reviewing effects of changes in food intake and changes in physical activity on energy expenditure.

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Section: Changes In Physical Activity and Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of energy expenditure in humans

2016

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“…The exact manner in which changes in levels of physical activity influence feeding behaviour over periods long enough to affect energy balance (EB) is not clearly understood. There is a large body of literature on the effect of training programmes on body weight and composition in athletes (Van Etten et al, 1997;Westerterp 1998;Van Baak, 1999;Bovens et al, 1993). Several of these studies measure EI (McGowan et al, 1986, Barr & Costill, 1992.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living men, consuming their normal diet

Stubbs¹,

Sepp²,

Hughes³

et al. 2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

137

108

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Objective: To assess the effect of graded increases in exercised-induced energy expenditure (EE) on appetite, energy intake (EI), total daily EE and body weight in men living in their normal environment and consuming their usual diets. Design: Within-subject, repeated measures design. Six men (mean (s.d.) age 31.0 (5.0) y; weight 75.1 (15.96) kg; height 1.79 (0.10) m; body mass index (BMI) 23.3(2.4) kg=m 2 ), were each studied three times during a 9 day protocol, corresponding to prescriptions of no exercise, (control) (Nex; 0 MJ=day), medium exercise level (Mex; $ 1.6 MJ=day) and high exercise level (Hex; $ 3.2 MJ=day). On days 1 -2 subjects were given a medium fat (MF) maintenance diet (1.6 Â resting metabolic rate (RMR)). Measurements: On days 3 -9 subjects self-recorded dietary intake using a food diary and self-weighed intake. EE was assessed by continual heart rate monitoring, using the modified FLEX method. Subjects' HR (heart rate) was individually calibrated against submaximal VO 2 during incremental exercise tests at the beginning and end of each 9 day study period. Respiratory exchange was measured by indirect calorimetry. Subjects completed hourly hunger ratings during waking hours to record subjective sensations of hunger and appetite. Body weight was measured daily. Results: EE amounted to 11.7, 12.9 and 16.8 MJ=day (F(2,10) ¼ 48.26; P < 0.001 (s.e.d ¼ 0.55)) on the Nex, Mex and Hex treatments, respectively. The corresponding values for EI were 11.6, 11.8 and 11.8 MJ=day (F(2,10) ¼ 0.10; P ¼ 0.910 (s.e.d. ¼ 0.10)), respectively. There were no treatment effects on hunger, appetite or body weight, but there was evidence of weight loss on the Hex treatment. Conclusion: Increasing EE did not lead to compensation of EI over 7 days. However, total daily EE tended to decrease over time on the two exercise treatments. Lean men appear able to tolerate a considerable negative energy balance, induced by exercise, over 7 days without invoking compensatory increases in EI.

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“…Today, physical activity has a central role in health system and social efforts that are directed towards the prevention of daily risk-related dis ease outcomes. Thus, the assessment of physical activ ity level (PAL) and measurement of total energy expen diture (TEE) in free-living individuals under a variety of circumstances has become an area of particular inter est (3,4). It is well recognized that physical inactivity may be associated with both a decrease in physical fit ness and daily energy expenditure, and hereby a de crease in the latter with age greatly increases the chance of becoming overweight (5).…”

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confidence: 99%