Effect of an endurance race on muscle amino acids, pro‐ and macroglycogen and triglycerides

Essén‐Gustavsson, Birgitta; Jensen-Waern, Marianne

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05420.x

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Furthermore, an increased protein catabolism is supported by the increase of BCAA in plasma at PE. BCAA are frequently reported as involved in energy supply in the muscle after their release from the liver [15], [16]. This means that these BCAA reach their target through the general circulation, which might explain the results obtained here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Protein Catabolism and High Lipid Metabolism Associated with Long-Distance Exercise Are Revealed by Plasma NMR Metabolomics in Endurance Horses

et al. 2014

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During long distance endurance races, horses undergo high physiological and metabolic stresses. The adaptation processes involve the modulation of the energetic pathways in order to meet the energy demand. The aims were to evaluate the effects of long endurance exercise on the plasma metabolomic profiles and to investigate the relationships with the individual horse performances. The metabolomic profiles of the horses were analyzed using the non–dedicated methodology, NMR spectroscopy and statistical multivariate analysis. The advantage of this method is to investigate several metabolomic pathways at the same time in a single sample. The plasmas were obtained before exercise (BE) and post exercise (PE) from 69 horses competing in three endurance races at national level (130–160 km). Biochemical assays were also performed on the samples taken at PE. The proton NMR spectra were compared using the supervised orthogonal projection on latent structure method according to several factors. Among these factors, the race location was not significant whereas the effect of the race exercise (sample BE vs PE of same horse) was highly discriminating. This result was confirmed by the projection of unpaired samples (only BE or PE sample of different horses). The metabolomic profiles proved that protein, energetic and lipid metabolisms as well as glycoproteins content are highly affected by the long endurance exercise. The BE samples from finisher horses could be discriminated according to the racing speed based on their metabolomic lipid content. The PE samples could be discriminated according to the horse ranking position at the end of the race with lactate as unique correlated metabolite. As a conclusion, the metabolomic profiles of plasmas taken before and after the race provided a better understanding of the high energy demand and protein catabolism pathway that could expose the horses to metabolic disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Protein Catabolism and High Lipid Metabolism Associated with Long-Distance Exercise Are Revealed by Plasma NMR Metabolomics in Endurance Horses

et al. 2014

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“…A recent study on horses performing endurance rides indicates that horses also rely to a greater extent on glycogenolysis in the MG pool (Essén-Gustavsson and Jensen-Waern 2002). It is probable that MG is readily degraded in type I and IIA fibres as they have been shown to be preferentially glycogen depleted after exercise of endurance nature (Snow et al 1981;Sherman et al 1983;Jensen-Waern et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pro‐ and macroglycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during maximal treadmill exercise

Bröjer

Jonasson

Schuback

et al. 2002

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryThe purpose was to investigate the degradation of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle during intense exercise. Ten Standardbred trotters performed a maximal treadmill exercise test comprising a warm-up period, an exercise period, starting at 7 m/s with increments of 1 m/s every 60 s until the onset of fatigue (mean ± s.d. 246 ± 32 s) and a walking recovery period. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately after exercise and 15 min postexercise. The exercise caused a marked anaerobic metabolism as shown by the decrease in both muscle ATP and creatine phosphate and increase in muscle lactate. Free muscle glucose increased immediately postexercise and a further increase was noted 15 min later. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in proglycogen (57.1 ± 22.2 mmol/kg dw) and macroglycogen (63.0 ± 65.5 mmol/kg dw) during exercise. The proglycogen concentration tended to increase 15 min after exercise (19.9 ± 27.3 mmol/kg dw; P = 0.06). The results from this study demonstrate that both proglycogen and macroglycogen contribute equally to glycogenolysis during intense exercise and suggest that glycogen resynthesis starts in the proglycogen pool.

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“…that respond to its action potential) belong, in general, to the same fibre type and are dispersed throughout the muscle mass (for details, see Rivero and Piercy 3 ). Catabolism of protein and amino acid metabolism may also contribute to provision of energy during this type of tough endurance exercise 73 . During low-intensity submaximal exercise, muscle triglycerides, blood glucose and free fatty acids (released from adipose tissue and/or liver stores) are the main sources of energy for type I and IIA fibres 72 .…”

Section: Muscle Responses To Exercisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle energetics in exercising horses

Votion

Navet

Lacombe

et al. 2007

Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol.

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An optimally functional musculoskeletal system is crucial for athletic performance and even minor perturbations can limit athletic ability. The introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the 1970s created a window of opportunity to examine the form and function of equine skeletal muscle. Muscle histochemical and biochemical analyses have allowed characterization of the properties of equine muscle fibres and their influence on, and adaptation to, physical exertion. Analyses of exercise responses during standardized treadmill exercise and field studies have illustrated the role of cellular energetics in determining athletic suitability for specific disciplines, mechanisms of fatigue, adaptations to training and the affect of diet on metabolic responses. This article provides a review of the tools available to study muscle energetics in the horse, discusses the muscular metabolic pathways and summarizes the energetics of exercise.qualitative assessment of the effects of exercise, training and dietary manipulation on substrate metabolism at the level of the muscle and the whole body. Muscle biopsy techniqueThe percutaneous needle muscle biopsy technique was introduced to equine research by Lindholm and Piehl 4 as well as by Snow and Guy 5 . Since that time, it has proved to be an invaluable tool in defining the histological, histochemical and biochemical properties of equine skeletal muscle. Standardization of the site of the muscle biopsy is imperative because equine skeletal muscles have a heterogeneous distribution of muscle fibre types within the muscle 6 . Deeper regions within locomotory muscles have contractile and metabolic characteristics similar to those of postural muscles 7-9 . In addition, fibre types vary among different muscles in the same horses as well as across horses and breeds [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . The selection of the specific muscle to biopsy therefore is of critical importance and will depend on its propulsive or postural role. Many studies of equine athletes utilize the gluteus medius muscle or the semitendinosus muscle because of its importance in locomotion and demonstrated metabolic adaptations to exercise and training [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . Other investigators have also used the triceps brachii, along with the masseter 26 (as a non-exercise muscle control sample site).When sampling site and depth are consistent and potentially involve several sites 21,23,24,27 , repeatable results are obtained 28 . Muscle biopsy has provided a wealth of information regarding the histochemical, biochemical and metabolic properties of various muscles within the same horse 9,29,30 , between horses 11 and breeds 15,21 as well as responses to exercise 25,31,32 . A detailed review of the technique for performing percutaneous needle muscle biopsy and sample preparation can be obtained elsewhere [3][4][5]21,22,33 .

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Effect of an endurance race on muscle amino acids, pro‐ and macroglycogen and triglycerides

Cited by 33 publications

References 30 publications

Protein Catabolism and High Lipid Metabolism Associated with Long-Distance Exercise Are Revealed by Plasma NMR Metabolomics in Endurance Horses

Protein Catabolism and High Lipid Metabolism Associated with Long-Distance Exercise Are Revealed by Plasma NMR Metabolomics in Endurance Horses

Pro‐ and macroglycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during maximal treadmill exercise

Muscle energetics in exercising horses

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