Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish (review)

Abstract

Clove oil is an effective, local and natural anaesthetic. Many hatcheries and research studies use clove oil to immobilize fish for handling, sorting, tagging, artificial reproduction procedures and surgery and to suppress sensory systems during invasive procedures. Clove oil may be more appropriate for use in commercial aquaculture situations. Improper clove oil use can decrease fish viability, distort physiological data or result in mortalities. Because animals may be anaesthetized by unskilled labourers and released in natural water bodies, training in the proper use of clove oil may decrease variability in recovery and experimental results and increase fish survival. Here, we briefly describe many aspects of clove oil, including the legal uses of it, anaesthesia mechanism and what is currently known about the preparation and behavioural and pathologic effects of the anaesthetic. We outline methods and precautions for administration and changes in fish behaviour during progressively deeper anaesthesia and discuss the physiological effects of clove oil, its potential for compromising fish health and effectiveness of water quality parameters.

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes

“…However, the survival rates of fish decreased sharply at higher concentrations (Soto and Burhanuddin, 1995;Munday and Wilson, 1997;Iversen et al, 2003;Hisano et al, 2008;Inoue et al, 2011;Javahery et al, 2012), which was observed in part of the replicates of the D2 and all of the D3 treatments. Thus, the use of a 0.05 mL (or less) dose of clove oil (per 500 mL of water) as an anaesthetic should be recommended for mark-recapture and population monitoring studies (Ouedraogo et al, 2014).…”

“…Opercular rates at high temperature are greater than those at low temperature. As the gills in fish are the main route of entry and the excretion of anaesthetics, increasing gill ventilation and cardiac rates at high temperature would increase the gill permeability of anaesthetic and result in increasing the efficacy of anaesthetic (Javahery et al, 2012). Thus, temperature is important environmental factor what could be considered when using clove oil as anaesthetic (Iversen et al, 2003;Javahery et al, 2012).…”

“…Clove oil have been increasingly used as anaesthetic in mark-recapture studies in order to reduce handling stress in freshwater fish, allowing them to be collected, identified, measured, weighed and subsequently released back to their natural habitats (Munday and Wilson, 1997;Javahery et al, 2012). In addition, this anesthetic is used in artificial reproduction and chirurgic processes, as well as with live fish transportation (Javahery et al, 2012;Inoue et al, 2005) because it mitigates fish stress levels.…”

“…In addition, this anesthetic is used in artificial reproduction and chirurgic processes, as well as with live fish transportation (Javahery et al, 2012;Inoue et al, 2005) because it mitigates fish stress levels. It also reduces potential negative effects on fish homeostasis, so decreasing mortality rates (Inoue et al, 2005;Becker et al, 2012Becker et al, , 2013.…”

Use of eugenol as an anaesthetic for Geophagus brasiliensis juveniles

“…Eugenol, the active substance of clove oil, has shown to be effective and safe as an anesthetic for fish, with good speed of action and faster inducing deep anesthesia (JAVAHERY et al, 2012), besides being considered a natural anesthetic (SANTOS SANCHEZ et al, 2014a, b). This anesthetic has been evaluated for different handling, especially during immunizations, breeding, transportation and conducting research (BECKER et al, 2012;PÁDUA et al, 2012).…”