Effect of annealing on nanostructured Sn30Co30C40 prepared by mechanical attrition

A comparison of sputtered and mechanically milled Cu6Sn5 + C materials for Li-ion battery negative electrodes

“…Apart from the room temperature crystallization of amorphous Cu 6 Sn 5 þ C previously reported which can occur over periods in excess of one year [21], crystallization of the Cu 6 Sn 5 also appears to occur in similar Cu 6 Sn 5 þ C amorphous materials during the insertion and removal of Li [19]. DSC supports the conclusion that metal aggregation and crystallization of Cu 6 Sn 5 in a Cu 6 Sn 5 þ C mixture are associated with a relatively low activation energy (i.e., in comparison to SnCo þ C [30]). This has implications for the practical application of Cu 6 Sn 5 þ C composites.…”

“…No significant exothermic features occur above 200 C, as was also found with a temperature sweeps up to 600 C. The milled sample has no significant feature in this range, which helps to confirm that the exothermic features in the sputtered sample are associated with crystallization. This is in stark contrast to amorphous Sn 30 Co 30 C 40 , in which crystallization of the SneCo appears to occur at temperatures in excess of 350 C [30]. Additionally, as no crystallization occurs below these temperatures, no significant effect was seen on the cycling capability of the SneCoeC at annealing temperatures below 300 C [31].…”

Tin-based materials as negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries: Combinatorial approaches and mechanical methods

“…They showed that the reaction of Sn 1-x Fe x alloys with lithium creates Li 4.4 Sn and nanometer-sized Fe grains [12]. Based on in situ XRD and 57 Fe Mo¨ssbauer effect spectroscopy studies, Mao and Dahn [13] suggested that these iron grains form a 'skin' over the active particles, thus hindering reaction of lithium with the bulk of the particles when x40.33. It was also found that a ternary intermetallic phase, SnFe 3 C, did not react with lithium.…”

“…Thorne et al examined the effects of annealing Sn 0.30 Co 0.30 C 0.40 [57]. In the study, DSC experiments showed a crystallization feature about 3601C.…”

Nanocrystalline Fe1−xCoxSn2 solid solutions prepared by reduction of salts in tetraethylene glycol

“…Thus, several studies on CoSn [2], CoSn 2 [3,4], and Co 3 Sn 2 [4] have been reported. Also carbon [5,6] and polymer [7,8] additives were recently found useful to improve the performance. Pure CoSn 3 is difficult to prepare at high temperature [9].…”