Effect of annealing temperature on nano-crystalline TiO2 for solar cell applications

Malevu, Thembinkosi D.; Mwankemwa, Benard S.; Motloung, S.V.; Tshabalala, Kamohelo George; Ocaya, R.O.

doi:10.1016/j.physe.2018.10.028

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…From Table 1, it can be seen that D values were increasing when the annealing temperature increased. This proved that the annealing temperature does play a role in tuning the crystal size [14]. This result also agrees with the previous reports regarding the annealing process which induces diffusion-driven phase segregation hence resulting in a non-homogenous composition and increasing crystal size [14].…”

Section: Structural Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This proved that the annealing temperature does play a role in tuning the crystal size [14]. This result also agrees with the previous reports regarding the annealing process which induces diffusion-driven phase segregation hence resulting in a non-homogenous composition and increasing crystal size [14]. The value of the lattice strain is positive (tensile strain).…”

Section: Structural Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

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Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

et al. 2021

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In this research, TiO2 thin films were prepared using a simple sol-gel spin coating process. The films were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive Ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Ultraviolet–visible Spectrophotometer in order to investigate the influence of different annealing temperatures to the structural and optical properties of TiO2. The surface morphology images from FE-SEM display a uniform layer of nanoparticles with a sample of 500 °C possess the most uniform and the visible spherical grain of TiO2 nanoparticles. EDX spectra confirm the presence of Ti and O elements in the samples. The structural properties from the XRD pattern demonstrate that the films are crystalline at a temperature of 500 and 600 °C and the peak (101) intensity was increased as the annealing temperature increased. They exist in the anatase phase at the preferred plane orientation of (101). The calculated crystallite size for 500 and 600 °C samples is 19.22 and 28.37 nm, respectively. The films also possessed excellent absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) region with optical band gap energy ranging from 3.32 to 3.43 eV. These results can be fundamental for the fabrication of a UV sensing device.

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Section: Structural Analysissupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Structural Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

et al. 2021

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“…[ 15 ] Previous studies have suggested that an annealing temperature beyond 600 °C enhances the crystallinity of the TiO 2 films and interconnection between the nanoparticles, which improves the performance of the PSCs and other devices. [ 13,16–18 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast and Scalable Laser‐Induced Crystallization of Titanium Dioxide Films for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Chen

Guo

et al. 2020

Solar RRL

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TiO 2 has been recognized as a promising material for a wide range of emerging applications, including hydrogen generation, [1] CO 2 reduction, [2] degradation of organic pollutants, [3] self-cleaning coating, [4] quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, [5] dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs), [6] and more recently perovskite solar cells (PSCs). [7,8] Thermal annealing is a critical process involved in the fabrication of TiO 2 films for PSCs. For instance, a compact TiO 2 film that acts as an electron transport layer (ETL) for PSCs usually requires an annealing temperature of over 400 C to induce the crystallization from its amorphous precursor to anatase. [9,10] The fabrication of the mesoporous TiO 2 film for mesoscopic PSCs also needs high-temperature sintering of around 450-550 C to remove organic binders from TiO 2 paste and promote the interconnection between the TiO 2 nanoparticles. [11,12] A typical conventional annealing method is a time-consuming batch process involving the uses of a hotplate, furnace, or oven, for 1-3 h to fabricate these layers, including a long cooling period. [12-14] Such a process makes it challenging to develop high throughput or in-line production of PSCs. Therefore, there is a need to develop an alternative annealing method, enabling the rapid and scalable production of high-quality metal oxide films for PSCs for future commercialization. In addition, conventional annealing methods are commonly limited to below 550 C to avoid glass substrate bending or breakage due to a glass transition temperature of 564 C for substrate based on soda-lime glass. [15] Previous studies have suggested that an annealing temperature beyond 600 C enhances the crystallinity of the TiO 2 films and interconnection between the nanoparticles, which improves the performance of the PSCs and other devices. [13,16-18] To date, several alternative annealing methods have been developed to fabricate TiO 2 ETL for PSCs and DSSCs. For instance, Watson et al. demonstrated the use of an ultrafast near-IR (NIR) heating process to sinter mesoporous TiO 2 film on metal substrates for DSSCs. [19] Sánchez et al. developed a rapid flash IR method to anneal mesoporous TiO 2 film for PSCs with a peak temperature of %640 C and achieved a production rate of 15 cm 2 min À1 (1 cm 2 in 4 s). [11] Kim et al. demonstrated a flame annealing process to anneal the TiO 2 film for PSCs and DSSCs with a peak temperature up to 1000 C and

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“…TiO 2 nanomaterials are increasingly used in photocatalysis, environmental remediation, sensor technology, photovoltaic structures, fuel cells, batteries, paints, plastic additives, self-cleaning surfaces, UV blockers in cosmetics, and many other applications. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The anatase polymorph of TiO 2 is the most commonly used crystalline form in such catalytic applications, [7][8][9][10] but the more thermodynamically stable rutile polymorph [11][12][13] and mixedphase 14,15 nano-titania also have their niche applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofibrous TiO₂produced using alternating field electrospinning of titanium alkoxide precursors: crystallization and phase development

et al. 2020

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Effect of annealing temperature on nano-crystalline TiO2 for solar cell applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

Ultrafast and Scalable Laser‐Induced Crystallization of Titanium Dioxide Films for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Nanofibrous TiO₂produced using alternating field electrospinning of titanium alkoxide precursors: crystallization and phase development

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Effect of annealing temperature on nano-crystalline TiO2 for solar cell applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

Influence of Different Annealing Temperatures on the Structural and Optical Properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method: Potential Application as UV Sensor

Ultrafast and Scalable Laser‐Induced Crystallization of Titanium Dioxide Films for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Nanofibrous TiO2produced using alternating field electrospinning of titanium alkoxide precursors: crystallization and phase development

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Product

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Nanofibrous TiO₂produced using alternating field electrospinning of titanium alkoxide precursors: crystallization and phase development