Effect of Anxiety on Optimism

Dewberry, Christopher; Richardson, Susan

doi:10.1080/00224545.1990.9924625

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The first item is referred to as the "rape" item, and the second is referred to as the "sexual assault" item. The remaining items were similar to those investigated in previous studies of comparative risk perception (e.g., Burger & Palmer, 1992;Dewberry & Richardson, 1990), such as "being injured in a car accident" and "developing a drinking problem." First, participants indicated their degree of experience with each event using four options: (a) "I do not know anyone who has experienced this," (b) "I have one or more acquaintances who have experienced this," (c) "someone very close to me has experienced this," and (d) "I personally have experienced this."…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Sexual Victimization in Relation to Perceptions of Risk: Mediation, Generalization, and Temporal Stability

Brown

Messman-Moore

Miller

et al. 2005

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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There is evidence that personal experience with trauma is associated with increases in both personal and comparative risk perception. This study investigates this relation in terms of sexual victimization among women, focusing on three potential mediators: perceived control over sexual assault, perceived similarity to a typical sexual assault victim, and psychological distress. Mediational analyses were investigated using structural equation modeling. Although victimization experience was not related to comparative risk perception, it was associated with greater personal risk perception. This relation was mediated by perceived similarity to a typical sexual assault victim. Prospective analyses indicated that personal risk perception does change in response to sexual victimization but also indicated that heightened risk perception may be an accurate assessment of risk that actually precedes victimization experience. Implications for the meaning of perceived similarity and perceptions of risk for sexual assault victims are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…For instance, people who are anxious (Dewberry & Richardson, 1990), depressed (Pyszczynski et al, 1987), or simply in a bad mood (Salovey & Birnbaum, 1989) tend to display less comparative optimism than their happier counterparts. People tend to display more optimism when they believe an event is controllable (Harris, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Victimization in Relation to Perceptions of Risk: Mediation, Generalization, and Temporal Stability

Brown

Messman-Moore

Miller

et al. 2005

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…We expect the reversal of temporal framing effects, to reflect not only in risk perceptions, attitudes toward the disease, and behavioral intentions but also more generally in effectiveness of risk communication. In addition, the literature documents that people may experience increased feelings of anxiety when exposed to a health message (Helweg-Larsen and Shepperd 2001) and that anxiety is a precursor to message processing (Butler and Mathews 1987;Dewberry and Richardson 1990). Therefore, we expect that health messages should evoke anxiety in a similar manner in which they affect risk perceptions, such that temporal framing effects are moderated by outcome valence.…”

Section: Moderating Role Of Outcome Valence (Hypothesis 4)mentioning

confidence: 92%

When a Day Means More than a Year: Effects of Temporal Framing on Judgments of Health Risk

Chandran¹,

Menon²

2004

J Consum Res

353

296

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We demonstrate the differential effects of framing health hazards as occurring every day versus every year, two reference periods that objectively refer to the present but subjectively seem different. Through three studies, we show that every day framing makes risks appear more proximal and concrete than every year framing, resulting in increased self-risk perceptions, intentions to exercise precautionary behavior, concern and anxiety about the hazard, and effectiveness of risk communication. Across different health domains, we show that, while temporal frames moderate self-positivity biases (study 1), difficulty of preventive behaviors (study 2) and outcome valence (study 3) moderate temporal framing effects.Four hundred and forty thousand Americans succumb each year to the deadly effects of tobacco smoke. (Brody 2001) What will it take to get the 3,000 teenagers who each day start smoking to resist this deadly addiction? (Brody 2001) I ncreasingly, we are exposed to statistics, such as those in the epigraphs, that frame risky behavior or occurrence of a disease in terms of a temporal frame (e.g., every day, every year, every minute). The questions that arise then are the following: Do consumers draw different inferences from these statistics depending on the time frame in which they are presented? For instance, if the article said that 1,206 Americans succumb each day to the deadly effects of to- bacco smoke (vs. the numeric equivalent of 440,000 each year), would we draw different conclusions about the risks of smoking? In this article, we examine theoretical implications of the notion that risk perceptions are likely to be systematically affected by the temporal frame in which the risk communication is set.We examine the effects of framing a health hazard statistic using two different temporal frames-every day and every year-that objectively refer to same time period (i.e., the present). We investigate individuals' subjective perceptions of these reference periods through three studies by examining (a) risk perceptions, (b) attitudes about the health hazard, (c) behavioral intention, (d) emotions, and (e) effectiveness of risk communication. We study these issues across three domains: mononucleosis, cell phone radiation, and heart disease.Our theoretical framework is based on Construal Level Theory, which proposes that people use higher-level construals-characterized as abstract and decontextualized-to represent information about distant future events as compared to information about near future events (Trope and Liberman 2003). We contend that these effects of temporal distance translate to temporal framing such that, when a health hazard statistic is presented in a day frame, the risk is construed as more proximal and concrete than when presented in a year frame, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of a health message focused on negative consequences.We demonstrate that temporal framing reduces the gap between risk perceptions of self and other people (study 1) and that the nature of preventive behavior sp...

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“…Optimists have also been found to do better in school and work, and tend to have better physical health with greater longevity (Puskar et al, 1999). Increased levels of optimism among adolescents and youth have also been found to be related not only to greater life satisfaction and psychological well-being, but also to lower incidences of illness and depressive symptoms (Ben-Zur, 2003;Puskar et al, 1999); however, anxiety tends to reduce optimism in adolescents (Dewberry & Richardson, 1990;Puskar et al, 1999).…”

Section: Optimismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Besides That I'm Ok: Well-Being in Caribbean and American Adolescents and Youth

Morris¹,

Martin²,

Hopson³

et al. 2010

Journal of Research on Christian Education

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A total of 235 adolescents and college students from Aruba, St. Lucia, Tennessee, and Alabama participated in this study that measured various aspects of wellbeing. The Life Factors Questionnaire measured participants' responses on such self-reported measures as health, intelligence, subjective well-being, responses to stress, optimism, depressive symptoms, and on several open-ended queries of participants' perceptions on life goals, role models, and important values. Results show that overall groups were quite similar on most of the well-being variables measured. Older participants tended to report more depressive symptoms than their younger counterparts. American adolescents and college students had more depressive symptoms than their Caribbean counterparts. Seventh-Day Adventist adolescents reported twice as many depressive symptoms than students from different religious affiliations (Roman Catholic and other religions).

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Effect of Anxiety on Optimism

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Sexual Victimization in Relation to Perceptions of Risk: Mediation, Generalization, and Temporal Stability

Sexual Victimization in Relation to Perceptions of Risk: Mediation, Generalization, and Temporal Stability

When a Day Means More than a Year: Effects of Temporal Framing on Judgments of Health Risk

Besides That I'm Ok: Well-Being in Caribbean and American Adolescents and Youth

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