HemaTopicsOpen Access V enous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequently occurring complication after elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA), for which thromboprophylaxis is unanimously recommended in the clinical guidelines. However, there is inconsistency in the choice of drug to use for thromboprophylaxis. Over the last decade, orthopedic surgeons were more and more in favor of prescribing aspirin as primary thromboprophylaxis. 1 The use of aspirin in patients undergoing TKA or THA was studied by the randomized Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Comparing Rivaroxaban to Aspirin Following Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty II (EPCAT II) trial in 2018, where all patients (n = 3424) received once-daily oral rivaroxaban (10 mg) until postoperative day 5 and then were randomly assigned to continue rivaroxaban or switch to aspirin (81 mg daily) for an additional 9 days after TKA or for 30 days after THA. 2 VTE occurred in 0.64% in the aspirin group and 0.70% in the rivaroxaban group, meeting the criteria for noninferiority, with no differences in bleeding complications. However, it should be emphasized that in this trial, the use of aspirin was studied as extended prophylaxis as all patients received rivaroxaban in the first 5 days. The subsequent 2019 American Society of Hematology (ASH) guidelines suggest aspirin or anticoagulants for patients undergoing total THA or TKA, a weak recommendation based on very low certainty. 3 A systematic review from 2021 on this topic identified a lack of high-quality randomized controlled trials to support the use of aspirin as VTE prophylaxis in these patients. 4 The CRISTAL trial (2022) was a cluster-randomized, crossover, trial across 31 hospitals in Australia. 5 Hospitals were randomized to administer aspirin (100 mg/d) or enoxaparin (40 mg/d) for 35 days after THA and for 14 days after TKA and crossover occurred after the patient enrollment target had been met for the first group. The trial was prematurely stopped after inclusion of 9711 patients of the prespecified 15,562. The symptomatic VTE rate in the aspirin group was 3.5% versus 1.8% in the enoxaparin group (estimated difference, 1.97% [95% CI, 0.54%-3.41%]). This failed to meet the criterion for noninferiority for aspirin and showed superiority for enoxaparin (P = 0.007). In a prespecified secondary analysis of the CRISTAL trial, the 90-days mortality was compared. 6 Mortality occurred as often in the aspirin group as in the enoxaparin group: 1.7% versus 1.5%, respectively, indicating no benefit from one over the other.Earlier this year, the PREVENTion of Clot in Orthopaedic Trauma (PREVENT CLOT) trial from the Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium published their results of the randomized trial in 12,211 patients who had a fracture of an extremity that had been treated operatively or who had any pelvic or acetabular fracture. 7 Patients were randomly assigned to aspirin (81 mg twice daily) or enoxaparin (30 mg twice daily) while they were in the hospital. The primary outcome was d...