Effect of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea Decoction on CD4+ and CD8+ Level, Toxicological, and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Positive Persons

Abstract

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem affecting several countries with predominance in black Africa. Faced with therapeutic failure caused by resistance and supply disruptions, searching for other antiretroviral agents, in particular from natural sources, becomes necessary. Given popular consumption of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction in the Northern Cameroon region and the traditionally attributed antiretroviral value, information on its efficacy and safety consumption is relevant to confirm its use. A total of 297 participants aged 18–52 and HIV-positive were recruited and divided into 3 groups: one taking only the decoction (group 1), another taking only antiretroviral therapy (ARTs) (group 2), and finally, one taking the decoction and antiretroviral (group 3). During 6 months, all the participants of the concerned groups consumed daily (morning and evening) 250 mL of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction. CD4+ and CD8+ levels were measured by flow cytometry. Hepatic and renal toxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CREAT, SOD, CAT, and GSH parameters. We note an increase in the CD4+ level of the three groups with values much more pronounced in the group treated by ARTs + decoction, from 328 ± 106 to 752 ± 140. Group 2 presented not only biological signs of hepatic and renal toxicity but also significant oxidative stress. No signs of toxicity were detected in the other groups. The study concludes that a decoction of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea stimulates the production of CD4+ and is not toxic. On the contrary, it would reduce the toxicity caused by ARTs intake.

The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica

“…For instance, small trials have concluded that neem leaf extract given daily is safe and effective at improving CD4 + T cell counts in HIV patients ( Udeinya et al, 2004 ; Mbah et al, 2007 ). Furthermore, when A. indica and Senna siamea leaf extracts were given in combination with ART, this HIV patient group had improved T cell numbers and fewer markers of hepatic and renal toxicity than the group that was given ART alone ( Goni Hamad et al, 2021 ). To address the possibility of T cell exhaustion in HIV-infected patients, Olwenyi et al (2021) performed an in vitro study with peripheral blood cells isolated from infected and uninfected individuals; following exposure to enterotoxin, the lymphocytic response indicated that A. indica extract, but not the extracts from two other plants, was able to down-regulate CD4 + T cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting general T cell-specific functions.…”

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“…Many diseases including Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and atherosclerosis have been linked to GSH levels. [161][162][163][164] Therefore, detecting glutathione levels is an essential method for clinical processing and diagnosis of relevant diseases. However, current fluorescent probes are often subject to the external environment, which reduces their sensitivity and photostability due to photobleaching and premature leakage.…”

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“…Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a malignant infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invading CD4 + cells, resulting in imbalance and damage to human immune function, in turn causing serious harm to the human body [ 1 , 2 ]. HIV/AIDS has become a major global infectious disease and a serious global social problem affecting the world today [ 3 , 4 ]. In recent years, the speed of HIV transmission in some countries, the rate of AIDS-related deaths, and the incidence of AIDS have continued to increase worldwide [ 5 – 7 ].…”