Effect of bad measurements on state estimation in power system

Design and implementation of hybrid Kalman filter for state estimation of power system under unbalanced loads

“…The above measurements are not noise free. The errors may be measurements noises, wrong information of the circuit and bad data [10, 14]. The vector m gives the set of measurements and it is given in the following equation: where m represents the measurement and x represents the state vector containing the true state, respectively, f ( x ) is a non‐linear vector which relates the measurements to the states and r represents the error in the measurement.…”