Effect of ball milling process on the photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO₂composite

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> composite photocatalysts were made by the method of secondary ball milling at different ball milling speeds, milling time, and material ratios. After the secondary ball milling process, parts of the samples were calcined at high temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were used to observe the powder particle size, structural defect, bandgap, and absorption spectrum of the samples. Combined with the observation results, the effects of ball milling speed, time, material ratio, and high-temperature calcination on the photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> composite samples were analyzed. Furthermore, the methyl orange (MO) was chosen to simulate pollutants, and the photocatalytic degradation rate of CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> composite photocatalysts for MO was evaluated under sunlight and UV irradiation conditions. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> photocatalyst under UV irradiation is much higher than that under sunlight irradiation. The experimental results reveal that secondary ball milling can effectively promote the formation of CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> composite nanostructure and the high-temperature calcination can reduce the bandgap width, which makes the samples easier to be excited. When the ball milling speed, time, and material ratio were respectively 400 rpm, 10 h, 25:75, and then calcined at high temperature, after 2 h of irradiation under UV light, CdS/TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> composite photocatalysts exhibited maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 57.84%.</jats:p>

Enhanced Photoinduced Carrier Separation in Fe-MOF-525/CdS for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Improved Catalytic Dynamics with Specific Active Sites

“…Overall, the isotherms of CdS/Fe-MOF-525 composites were similar to those of Fe-MOF-525, which possessed the Type IV microporous isotherms at 77 K . The specific surface areas of CdS/Fe-MOF-525 2.3 , CdS/Fe-MOF-525 1.0 , CdS/Fe-MOF-525 0.4 , and Fe-MOF-525 were 756.1, 414.1, 167.1, and 416.6 m 2 g –1 , respectively, in which the CdS/Fe-MOF-525 2.3 showed the highest value after physical mixing balling treatments . Moreover, according to pore size distributions, the material showed two types of mesopores at ∼4 and 10–60 nm and the CdS/Fe-MOF-525 2.3 presented smaller pore sizes than other materials.…”

A Review of Synthesis Methods, Modifications, and Mechanisms of ZnO/TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Contaminants

“…The ball milling method in dry or wet conditions is used to prepare small-scale particles. The wet ball milling has more benefits than dry because of it provides powdered particles with smaller sizes and more narrow size distributions . Shafei et al synthesized Cu-doped TiO 2 nanocomposites by the ball milling-assisted sol–gel method.…”

Effect of ball–material ratio on Cu-Bi mixed powder and self-lubricating material properties

“…Thus, the proper ball–material ratio must be selected during mechanical alloying because it can greatly influence the properties of powders and materials (Wu et al , 2018). Numerous studies have explored the effects of ball-milling speed (Ye et al , 2020) and ball-milling time (Albaaji et al , 2017; Li et al , 2022) on material properties. However, research rarely focused on the ball–material ratio in the mechanical alloying process, which led to a serious lack of understanding of the effects of ball–material ratio on the properties of mixed powders and materials.…”