Effect of barium sulfate and strontium sulfate on charging and discharging of the negative electrode in a lead–acid battery

In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

“…The AFM studies were able to obtain valuable information on the effects of operating conditions (e.g., open circuit standing time and cyclic voltammetry sweep rate) and the impact of electrolyte additives on the size and growth rates of the PbSO 4 crystals. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Further advancement of this in situ work would require a new technique that overcomes the small viewing window (25 to 100 μm 2 ) and slow acquisition time (52 sec per image) associated with AFM. A larger viewing window and a faster acquisition rate would make it possible to capture inhomogeneities in crystal formation and to better quantify growth.…”

Influence of expander components on the processes at the negative plates of lead-acid cells on high-rate partial-state-of-charge cycling. Part I: Effect of lignosulfonates and BaSO4 on the processes of charge and discharge of negative plates

“…The Pb active mass structure presented in the next two pictures (for 1.5% and 2.0% BaSO 4 loading levels) is built-up of smaller Pb particles. The effect of BaSO 4 is usually related to its influence on the crystallization processes of PbSO 4 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. The above SEM images, however, indicate that BaSO 4 affects also the Pb crystallization processes.…”

“…It is also assumed that barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) acts as a nucleation agent (nucleant) for PbSO 4 [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn alloy during potential step cycles

“…In situ EC-AFM observation [7][8][9][10][11] was performed to investigate corrosion mechanisms. Fig.…”

“…The electrode surface during the potential step cycles was observed by in situ electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC-AFM) [7][8][9][10][11] to investigate the corrosion mechanisms. This observation technique is very useful for studying the electrode reactions in detail, because it can observe the electrode surface in sulfuric acid electrolyte directly.…”