Effect of benzene doping on soot precursors formation in non-premixed flames of producer gas (PG)

Valencia-López, Ana María; Bustamante, Felipe; Loukou, A.; Stelzner, Björn; Trimis, D.; Frenklach, Michael; Slavinskaya, Nadezhda A.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.05.044

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…For instance soot formation was studied by exploring sooting flame conditions with equivalence ratio generally greater than 2 for a large variety of fuels including alkanes [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Other experiments were focused on the understanding of the chemistry of rich non sooting flames [20][21][22]. The chemical mechanisms of fuel decomposition and small aromatic hydrocarbon formation in fuel-rich flames were described in a review article by K. Kohse-Hoïnghaus and coworkers [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical investigation of the transition from non sooting to sooting premixed n-butane flames, encompassing the nucleation flame conditions

Betrancourt¹,

Aubagnac-Karkar²,

Mercier

et al. 2022

Combustion and Flame

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical investigation of the transition from non sooting to sooting premixed n-butane flames, encompassing the nucleation flame conditions

Betrancourt¹,

Aubagnac-Karkar²,

Mercier

et al. 2022

Combustion and Flame

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“…The start factor had average values of 74.11 mg/MJ d in cold start and 122.70 mg/MJ d in hot start, which accounts for 40% fewer emissions of total suspended particulate matter in cold start. The higher amount of total suspended particulate matter released in the hot start is attributed to the higher biomass/air equivalence ratio reached in the hot start (Section ), which promotes a higher concentration of tars in the producer gas, whose species are precursors of particulate matter formation …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher amount of total suspended particulate matter released in the hot start is attributed to the higher biomass/air equivalence ratio reached in the hot start (Section 2.3), which promotes a higher concentration of tars in the producer gas, whose species are precursors of particulate matter formation. 63 Comparing the total suspended particulate matter emissions of traditional cookstoves whose values ranged from 219 to 347 mg/MJ d , 45,64 the TLUD cookstove studied herein reached reductions between 65 and 80%. Furthermore, the values obtained in the total suspended particulate matter emissions are comparable to other improved cookstoves with wood as fuel, whose values ranged from 105 to 207 mg/MJ d .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Parametric Analysis of a Gasification-Based Cookstove as a Function of Biomass Density, Gasification Behavior, Airflow Ratio, and Design

2022

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The energy performance and emissions (carbon monoxide and total suspended particulate matter) of a biomass gasification-based cookstove under a modified water boiling test (WBT 4.2.3 protocol) were characterized here. The controllable process parameters analyzed were the biomass bulk density (pelletsWP and chipsWCH) and the combustion-air/gasification-air ratio (2.8, 3.0, and 3.2). Moreover, a design parameter of the cookstove was analyzed through two combustion chamber designs (combustion chambers 1 and 2). The cookstove was characterized in detail considering the complete cookstove (control volume 1), the combustion chamber (control volume 2), and the gasification process (control volume 3). The cookstove reached an average efficiency of 25.2% for pellets and 24.1% for chips. The best behavior for the cookstove was achieved when pellets were used, which is attributed to their higher bulk density and to the fact that during their gasification process, the biochar yield was 12% higher, while the biomass consumption decreased by 16% compared to the chips. The carbon monoxide specific emissions were 2.78 g/MJd for pellets and 2.75 g/MJd for chips. On average, the cookstove released total suspended particulate matter between 74.11 and 122.70 mg/MJd. The cookstove low emissions are ascribed to the proper combustion air flow and the combustion chamber design, which favored the mixing between producer gas and combustion air.

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“…In addition to soot measurements, the characterization of a flame structure is necessary to validate chemistry models predicting the formation of PAHs and soot. ,,,, One method to isolate the kinetic pathways of different fuels is to seed trace amounts of the fuel of interest into a baseline flame. The rationale is that the baseline flame provides a well-defined environment which is used to control temperature–time history and fixes major combustion products and critical radicals (H, O, OH). ,, In previous work in our laboratory, Carbone and Gomez studied nonsooting and incipiently sooting counterflow diffusion flames doped with either toluene or 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB), focusing on major species and the formation of the one- and two-ring aromatic species. They observed that the C3 and C4 pathways were not accurately captured by two kinetic mechanisms, pointing out a need for improvement of aromatic ring opening mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Study of the Formation of Soot Precursors and Soot in Highly Controlled Ethylene(/Toluene) Counterflow Diffusion Flames

Gleason

Gomez

2022

J. Phys. Chem. A

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We perform spatially resolved measurements of temperature, gaseous species up to three-ring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and soot in atmospheric pressure counterflow diffusion flames. First, we characterize fully a baseline ethylene flame and then a tolueneseeded flame in which an aliquot of ethylene in the feed stream is replaced with 3500 ppm of prevaporized toluene. The goal is twofold: to investigate the impact of a common reference fuel component of surrogates of transportation fuels and bypass the main bottleneck to soot formation from aliphatic fuels, that is, the formation of the first aromatic ring. The composition of the fuel and oxidizer streams are adjusted to maintain a constant stoichiometric mixture fraction and global strain rate, thereby ensuring invariance of the temperature−time history in the comparison between the two flames and decoupling the chemical effects of the fuel substitution from other factors. Major combustion products and critical radicals are fixed by the baseline flame, and profiles of critical C2−C5 species precursors to aromatic formation are invariant in both flames. On the other hand, doping with toluene boosts the aromatic content and soot volume fraction, increasing the mole fraction of benzenoid structures and soot volume fraction by a factor of 2 or 3, relative to the baseline ethylene flame. This finding is consistent with the expectation that the formation of the first aromatic ring is no longer a bottleneck to soot formation in the doped flame. In addition, toluene bypasses completely benzene formation, opening a radical recombination pathway to soot precursors through the production of C 14 H 14 (via dimerization of benzyl radical) and pyrene (through dimerization of indenyl radical).

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Effect of benzene doping on soot precursors formation in non-premixed flames of producer gas (PG)

Cited by 25 publications

References 46 publications

Experimental and numerical investigation of the transition from non sooting to sooting premixed n-butane flames, encompassing the nucleation flame conditions

Experimental and numerical investigation of the transition from non sooting to sooting premixed n-butane flames, encompassing the nucleation flame conditions

Parametric Analysis of a Gasification-Based Cookstove as a Function of Biomass Density, Gasification Behavior, Airflow Ratio, and Design

Detailed Study of the Formation of Soot Precursors and Soot in Highly Controlled Ethylene(/Toluene) Counterflow Diffusion Flames

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