Effect of .BETA.-Crytoxanthin on Circulating Bone Metabolic Markers: Intake of Juice (Citrus Unshiu) Supplemented with .BETA.-Cryptoxanthin Has an Effect in Menopausal Women

Abstract

The effects of prolonged intake of juice prepared from Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu MARC.) containing β-cryptoxanthin on circulating biochemical markers of bone metabolism in subjects, including menopausal woman, were investigated. Ninety volunteers, aged 27-65 years (19 men and 71 women), were enrolled in this study. The 71 females included 35 premenopausal women (ages, 27-50 years) and 36 postmenopausal women (ages, 46-65 years). Volunteers were divided into four groups; placebo juice without β-cyptoxanthin (5 men and 19 women), juice containing β-cyptoxanthin at 1.5 mg/200 ml of juice/day (4 men and 17 women), 3.0 mg/day (5 men and 17 women), and 6.0 mg/day (5 men and 18 women). Placebo or juice (200 ml) was ingested once a day for 28 or 56 days. Serum β-cryptoxanthin concentrations were significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/day) for 28 or 56 days, and the increases were dose-dependent. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and γ-carboxylated osteocalcin are serum bone markers of bone formation, and bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and N-telopeptides of type I collagen are markers of bone resorption. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/ day) for 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake. γ-Carboxylated osteocalcin concentration was significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 28 or 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake or after the intake of placebo juice. Serum TRACP activity and type I collagen N-telopeptide concentration were significantly decreased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 28 or 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake or after intake of placebo juice, and significant decreases were also seen after the intake of 1.5 mg/day β-cryptoxanthin as compared with the value obtained before intake. In menopausal women, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and γ-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration were significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 56 days as compared with the value obtained after placebo intake. Also, this intake caused a significant decrease in bone TRACP activity. Meanwhile, serum calcium, inorganic phosphorous, and parathyroid hormone (intact) were not changed after the intake of β-cryptoxanthin-containing juice for 28 or 56 days. This study demonstrates that the prolonged intake of juice fortified with β-cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on bone formation and inhibitory effects on bone resorption in humans, and that the intake has an effect in menopausal women.

.BETA.-Cryptoxanthin and Bone Metabolism: The Preventive Role in Osteoporosis

“…It has been reported that the serum concentration of β-cryptoxanthin increased due to the consumption of vegetable juice in women from 1.3 × 10 −7 to 5.3 × 10 −7 M. 24) In ninety volunteers (aged 27-65 years), serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake. 51) γ-Carboxylated osteocalcin concentration was significantly increased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 28 or 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake or after the intake of placebo juice. 51) Serum TRACP activity and type I collagen N-telopeptide concentration were significantly decreased after the intake of juice containing β-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 28 or 56 days as compared with the value obtained before intake or after intake of placebo juice, and significant decreases were also seen after the intake of 1.5 mg/day β-cryptoxanthin as compared with the value obtained before intake.…”

“…51) A significant increase in serum β-cryptoxanthin concentration was also observed at 28 days at the end of intake, indicating that the carotenoid is stable in the serum. Serum β-cryptoxanthin concentration was in the range of 4.20 × 10 −7 M to 4.89 × 10 −7 M in the placebo groups.…”

“…containing β-cryptoxanthin on circulating biochemical markers of bone metabolism in subjects, including menopausal woman, were examined. [49][50][51] Effect on Healthy Individuals: Twenty-one volunteers (10 males and 11 females) were divided into two groups of ten volunteers (5 males and 5 females) and eleven volunteers (5 males and 6 females), and each group was given sequentially juice (192 ml) containing two different contents of β-cryptoxanthin once a day for 28 or 56 days as follows: either regular juice with naturally occurring 802 µg β-cryptoxanthin/100 ml or a reinforced juice containing 1500 µg β-cryptoxanthin/100 ml. 49) The intake of regular juice for 28 or 56 days in healthy subjects caused a significant increase in serum γ-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration, and the intake for 56 days produced a significant decrease in serum bone TRACP activity.…”

“…51) The seventy one females included 35 premenopausal women (ages, 27-50 years) and 36 menopausal women (ages, 46-65 years). Volunteers were divided into four groups; placebo juice without β-cryptoxanthin (5 men and 19 women), juice containing β-cryptoxanthin at 1.5 mg/200 ml of juice/day (4 men and 17 women), 3.0 mg/day (5 men and 17 women), and 6.0 mg/day (5 men and 18 women).…”

The bone anabolic carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin enhances transforming growth factor-β1-induced SMAD activation in MC3T3 preosteoblasts

“…Moreover, the intake of ß-cryptoxanthin-reinforced juice for long periods of time was shown to have both stimulatory effects on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption in healthy humans and in postmenopausal women, as assessed by serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism in vivo (13). Epidemiological studies have further suggested that ß-cryptoxanthin constitutes a sustainable nutritional approach to improving the bone health of human subjects (14)(15)(16).…”