Effect of bidi smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: a comparative study

Abstract

ObjectiveTo compare nasal mucociliary clearance in adult non-smokers, cigarette smokers and bidi smokers using the methylene blue dye test.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 20 non-smokers, 20 cigarette smokers and 20 bidi smokers (age range, 20–40 years). A single drop of the methylene blue dye was placed at the anterior end of the inferior turbinate of the participants’ nasal cavity. The distance travelled by the methylene blue in 15 minutes inside the nasal cavity was measured. Nasal mucociliary clearance of the three groups was compared using the Kruskal Wallis test.ResultsNasal mucociliary clearance was significantly decreased in bidi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between nasal mucociliary clearance and bidi smoking, number of cigarettes or bidis smoked per day, and pack-years (all p < 0.05).ConclusionNasal mucociliary clearance measurement is a simple and useful index for assessing the effect of smoking on the mucociliary activity of nasal mucosa.

Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Smokers: A Systematic Review

“…7,29,38 Bidi is a hand-rolled tobacco product, and, unlike cigarettes, it is devoid of a filter (the filter of a cigarette functions as a barrier, by preventing the noxious smokes from reaching the nasal cavity). 3,39 Although a bidi contains a lower amount of tobacco compared with a cigarette, it produces higher levels of noxious susbtances like nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, phenols, and ammonia and results in a higher degree of impairment and addiction. 3,40 It has been reported that bidi produces three times the amount of carbon monoxide and nicotine, and five times the amount of tar than cigarettes.…”

“…3,39 Although a bidi contains a lower amount of tobacco compared with a cigarette, it produces higher levels of noxious susbtances like nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, phenols, and ammonia and results in a higher degree of impairment and addiction. 3,40 It has been reported that bidi produces three times the amount of carbon monoxide and nicotine, and five times the amount of tar than cigarettes. Given the low combustibility of the tendu leaf wrapper, bidi smokers must take more frequent and deeper puffs, resulting in the inhalation of more smoke, which is disseminated deeper into the lungs.…”

“…The decreased NMC detected in bidi smokers may be due to reduced CBF, decline in the number of cilia, and alterations in the viscoelastic properties of mucus. 3 The hookah, also known as a shisha or water pipe, is a traditional method of smoking tobacco. 5,41 Both hookah and cigarette contain nicotine, harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and volatile aldehydes, ultrafine particles, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).…”

“…Smoking is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in developing countries. [1][2][3][4] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are around 1.1 billion smokers in the world, and half of them die every year (2015). 1 There are many types of smoking, such as cigarette smoking, bidi smoking, hookah smoking, electronic cigarette (EC) smoking, passive smoking, and many more.…”

“…1 There are many types of smoking, such as cigarette smoking, bidi smoking, hookah smoking, electronic cigarette (EC) smoking, passive smoking, and many more. [2][3][4][5][6][7] All of these types of smoking are related to the risk factor and etiology of many health problems, especially in the respiratory tract. In the respiratory tract, smoking is related to upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nasopharyngeal cancer, and lung cancer.…”