Effect of Bioregulators Isolated from Rat Liver and Blood Serum on the State of Murine Liver in Roller Organotypic Culture after CCl4-Induced Fibrosis

Налобин, Д. С.; Krasnov, M. S.; Alipkina, S. I.; Syrchina, M. S.; Yamskova, V. P.; Yamskov, I. A.

doi:10.1007/s10517-016-3468-1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…Sometimes, phenoptosis is a continuation of the development programs, as for instance, the mechanism of Nrf2 inhibition by glycogen synthase kinase GSK3β, including via induction of inflammaging [ 97 , 98 ]. Some of the promising agents are antioxidant preparations targeting different metabolic processes, e.g., those preventing cytokine storm [ 99 ], both traditional (plant extracts [ 100 ] and active components of blood serum [ 101 ]) and derived, for example, from insects [ 102 ]. The most promising at the moment are the main antioxidant of the body, glutathione [ 103 ], and, in addition, artificially synthesized antioxidants [ 103 ], such as the mitochondria-directed SkQ-ions [ 104 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altruism and Phenoptosis as Programs Supported by Evolution

Shilovsky

Putyatina

Марков

2021

Biochemistry Moscow

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Phenoptosis is a programmed death that has emerged in the process of evolution, sometimes taking the form of an altruistic program. In particular, it is believed to be a weapon against the spread of pandemics in the past and an obstacle in fighting pandemics in the present (COVID). However, on the evolutionary scale, deterministic death is not associated with random relationships (for example, bacteria with a particular mutation), but is a product of higher nervous activity or a consequence of established hierarchy that reaches its maximal expression in eusocial communities of Hymenoptera and highly social communities of mammals. Unlike a simple association of individuals, eusociality is characterized by the appearance of non-reproductive individuals as the highest form of altruism. In contrast to primitive programs for unicellular organisms, higher multicellular organisms are characterized by the development of behavior-based phenoptotic programs, especially in the case of reproduction-associated limitation of lifespan. Therefore, we can say that the development of altruism in the course of evolution of sociality leads in its extreme manifestation to phenoptosis. Development of mathematical models for the emergence of altruism and programmed death contributes to our understanding of mechanisms underlying these paradoxical counterproductive (harmful) programs. In theory, this model can be applied not only to insects, but also to other social animals and even to the human society. Adaptive death is an extreme form of altruism. We consider altruism and programmed death as programmed processes in the mechanistic and adaptive sense, respectively. Mechanistically, this is a program existing as a predetermined chain of certain responses, regardless of its adaptive value. As to its adaptive value (regardless of the degree of “phenoptoticity”), this is a characteristic of organisms that demonstrate high levels of kinship, social organization, and physical association typical for higher-order individuals, e.g., unicellular organisms forming colonies with some characteristics of multicellular animals or colonies of multicellular animals displaying features of supraorganisms.

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