Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation

Zijlstra, N.; Wijk, René A. de; Mars, Monica; Stafleu, A.; Graaf, C. de

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27694

Cited by 212 publications

(191 citation statements)

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“…Whether these same patterns occur in children requires further investigation. Moreover, a larger bite size has also been identified as an element of eating microstructure which underpins faster eating rates and supports energy [17][18][19][20] and children [21]. The current evidence suggests that certain features of eating microstructure may promote faster eating rates during the meal, which may support increased energy intakes and over time may lead to weight gain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort

Fogel

Goh

Fries

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

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Recent findings confirm that faster eating rates support higher energy intakes within a meal and are associated with increased body weight and adiposity in children. The current study sought to * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Ciaran Gerard Forde; Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117599; Tel: +65 64070104; ciaran_forde@sics.astar.edu.sg. Clinical Trial Registry Number: NCT01174875; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ Authors' Contributions: This study was conceived and designed by CGF, AF, MFFC and LRF. Clinical analyses were performed by SS, SV, AF, ATG, and CGF and data analysis and interpretation were carried out by AF and CGF. AF and CGF prepared the draft manuscript and all authors reviewed and approved the final draft. This study was given ethical approval by ethical review boards of the KK Women's and Children's Hospital and National University Hospital in Singapore.Author disclosures: Keith Godfrey, Lee Yung-Seng and Yap Seng Chong have received reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products. They are part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestec and Danone. Lisa Fries is an employee of Nestec SA, working at the Nestlé Research Center. The other authors have no financial or personal conflict of interests. Europe PMC Funders GroupAuthor Manuscript Physiol Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 January 01. Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsEurope PMC Funders Author Manuscripts identify the eating behaviours that underpin faster eating rates and energy intake in children, and to investigate their variations by weight status and other individual differences. Children (N=386) from the Growing Up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort took part in a video-recorded ad libitum lunch at 4.5 years of age to measure acute energy intake. Videos were coded for three eating behaviours (bites, chews and swallows) to derive a measure of eating rate (g/min) and measures of eating microstructure: eating rate (g/min), total oral exposure (minutes), average bite size (g/bite), chews per gram, oral exposure per bite (seconds), total bites and proportion of active to total mealtime. Children's BMIs were calculated and a subset of children underwent MRI scanning to establish abdominal adiposity. Children were grouped into faster and slower eaters, and into healthy and overweight groups to compare their eating behaviours. Results demonstrate that faster eating rates were correlated with larger average bite size (r=0.55, p<0.001), fewer chews per gram (r=-0.71, p<0.001) and shorter oral exposure time per bite (r=-0.25, p<0.001), and with higher energy intakes (r=0.61, p<0.001). Children with overweight and higher adiposity had faster eating rates (p<0.01) and higher energy intakes (p<0.01), driven by larger bite sizes (p<0.05). Eating behaviours varied by sex, ethnicity and early feeding regimes, partial...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort

Fogel

Goh

Fries

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Eating fast has been associated with excess energy intake and overweight [7][8][9][10][11][12], while eating slowly is hypothesized to discourage excess energy intake by allowing time for peripheral satiation signals to be consciously recognized before overeating occurs. Recent experimental trials support a relationship between eating rate and energy intake during a single ad libitum meal [13][14][15], providing empirical evidence that eating behavior can mediate satiation (i.e., the processes during a meal acting to terminate eating) [16] thereby altering energy intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating rate during a fixed-portion meal does not affect postprandial appetite and gut peptides or energy intake during a subsequent meal

Karl

Young

Montain

2011

Physiology & Behavior

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, "Eating rate during a fixed-portion meal does not affect postprandial appetite and gut peptides or energy intake during a subsequent meal" (2011). US Army Research. 131. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/131 Eating rate during a fixed-portion meal does not affect postprandial appetite and gut peptides or energy intake during a subsequent meal ☆ Eating rate has recently been shown to influence energy intake and appetite during an ad libitum meal, and alter postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide-YY (PYY) following a fixed-portion meal. Whether these effects influence satiety, as measured by energy intake at the subsequent meal, is unclear. We manipulated eating rate during a fixed-portion meal in order to examine how eating behavior and associated periprandial and postprandial responses of putative endocrine mediators of appetite would affect energy intake at the following meal in fifteen non-obese (BMIb 25 kg/m²) and ten obese (BMI≥ 30 kg/m²) healthy adult men and women. In random order, each participant consumed a standardized, fixed-portion meal in 7 (FM), 14 (MM) or 28 (SM) minutes. Fullness, measured by the Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude (SLIM) scale, serum insulin, glucose, leptin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), PYY, GLP-1, neuropeptide-Y, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured for 3 h following the fixed-portion meal. Ad libitum energy intake at the next meal was then measured. Eating slowly delayed time to peak fullness (P ≤ 0.05), but did not alter peak fullness. Peak PP concentrations were attenuated during FM compared to MM and SM (P ≤ 0.05) and were reached earlier during MM compared to SM (P ≤ 0.05). A meal-by-time interaction (P ≤ 0.05), but no differences in AUC, peak, or time to peak were observed for CCK. No additional between meal differences in AUC, peak or time to peak for any endocrine mediator of appetite was observed. Ad libitum energy intake was not different between trials. In conclusion, the rate at which a fixed-portion meal is consumed does not appear to alter satiety despite a small effect on PP and CCK responses.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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“…3). In a subsequent study, it was shown that changing the oro-sensory exposure of chocolate custard from 3 to 9 s/bite led to a 10 % lower ad libitum intake (43) . The suppressive effect of oro-sensory exposure time on ad libitum intake was confirmed in another study with orangeade, where we held the eating rate constant (150 g/min) but only varied the relative duration of sensory exposure (long: 30 s/min of consumption; short 15 s/min of consumption) (44) .…”

Section: Sensory and Metabolic Signals Involved In Eating Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why liquid energy results in overconsumption

Graaf

2011

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Liquids have been shown to have a low satiating efficiency. The may be related to the high rate of consumption for liquids which may be higher than 200 g/min. In a number of studies, we showed that the positive relationship between eating rate and energy intake is mediated by oro-sensory exposure time. Longer sensory exposure times are consistently associated with lower food intakes. This observation maybe linked to the role of cephalic phase responses to foods. Cephalic phase responses are a set of physiological responses, which are conceived to prepare the digestive system for the incoming flow of nutrients after ingestion, with the aim of maintaining homeostasis. Results from various studies suggest that cephalic phase responses are much smaller (absent) for liquids compared to solids. It is hypothesised that the absence of cephalic phase responses to liquid foods may be one of the causes why liquid energies enter the body undetected and lead to weak energy intake compensation. This idea fits with the concept of the taste system as a nutrient-sensing system that informs the brain and the gastro-intestinal system about what is coming into our body. With liquids, this system is bypassed. Slower eating may help the human body to associate the sensory signals from food with their metabolic consequences. Foods that are eaten quickly may impair this association, and may therefore lead to overconsumption of energy, and ultimately to weight gain. Appetite: Liquid energy: Obesity: Energy intakeIn the last few decades it has become clear that the high prevalence of obesity in developing countries is a normal behavioural response to an abnormal obesogenic environment. This obesogenic environment facilitates food (energy) intake and limits energy expenditure. Recent evidence suggests that changes in energy intake are the dominant factors in increasing prevalence of obesity since the 1980s (1,2) . Frequent exposure to food cues, large portion sizes, large available variety, high energy density and high palatability of foods are implicated in this respect (3) . This paper focuses on one additional element of our food supply and our eating environment, i.e. the high eating rate at which we can ingest a vast majority of foods in our current food supply. It is hypothesised that the high eating rate undermines our body's capacity to regulate energy intake at healthy levels. This may work by impairing the congruent relationship between sensory input and metabolic consequences. The physiological background for this may be that foods that are consumed quickly like liquids do not lead to functional cephalic phase responses (CPR). CPR are the predominantly learned physiological responses to the sensory signals from food. Before focusing on the role of eating rate in the regulation of food intake, we first discuss a simple psycho-biological model of eating behaviour that helps to explain the later reasoning in this paper.Sensory and metabolic signals involved in eating behaviour Fig. 1 illustrates how eating behaviour is guided by s...

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Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation

Abstract: This study shows that greater oral sensory exposure to a product, by eating with small bite sizes rather than with large bite sizes and increasing OPT, significantly decreases food intake.

Cited by 212 publications

References 27 publications

A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort

A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort

Eating rate during a fixed-portion meal does not affect postprandial appetite and gut peptides or energy intake during a subsequent meal

Why liquid energy results in overconsumption

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