“…In addition, the estimation from these models was not significantly different from the Pennes equation that was practically used for a rat liver (Valvano et al, 1984) and a pig kidney (Xu, 1991). Consequently, the Pennes bioheat equation has still been used for a number of applications (Zhao et al, 2005;Dehghan and Sabouri, 2012;Shahnazari et al, 2013) assuming constant blood perfusion (Li et al, 2002;Zhao et al, 2007) or temperature-dependent perfusion rate (Sanyal and Maji, 2001;Gang et al, 2007). However, in many cases for human tissues, even the blood perfusion rate is not available and is dependent on tissue types (Shitzer and Eberhart, 1985).…”