Effect of Body Weight on Efficiency of Utilization of Energy and Protein in Pigs

Berschauer, F.; Gaus, Gabriele; Menke, K. H.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-10641-2.50026-4

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It was also important to supply the pigs with sufficient dietary protein to allow a high level of body protein deposition, but not enough to exceed the animal's ability to deposit protein. An estimate of total obligatory nitrogen loss of 0.23 gfkgo 75 per day was taken from Berschauer et al (1980) and an upper limit to protein retention in the entire male pig (20-80 kg liveweight) of 130 g protein/day was proposed, based on the observations of Kielanowski (1969). Assuming complete efficiency of use of the casein-amino acid nitrogen for maintenance and growth, the scale of food intake was calculated (Table 3), based on an average protein deposition rate of 100 gfday.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of a balance of dietary amino acids required to maximise protein utilisation in the growing pig (20–80 kg liveweight)

Moughan

Smith

1984

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reservations about the interpretation of 3 recent empirical estimates of the ideal amino acid balance for the growing pig prompted this study. A basal diet was formulated, in which enzymatically hydrolysed casein supplemented with synthetic amino acids was the sole protein source. The balance of essential amino acids in the diet was close to the mean of the 3 published estimates. Eight entire male pigs of 28 kg initial liveweight were confined in metabolism crates, and fed the basal diet for 20 days. They were then fed a protein-free diet for a further 8 days. The basal diet was fed at a level (based on body weight} calculated to allow a body protein deposition rate of 100 gfday. The protein-free diet was fed at a level which ensured an equivalent intake of all nutrients (except protein) to that of the basal diet. Mean daily excretion of urinary urea nitrogen (N) over 6-day collection periods was 93 and 19 mgfkg 075 for pigs fed the basal diet and the protein-free diet respectively. If it is assumed that the difference between these values was attributable to deamination of amino acids from the basal diet, the efficiency of dietary protein utilisation was 0.940. Taking into consideration the difficulties encountered in accurate measurement of irreducible minimum urinary urea nitrogen excretion, it was concluded that the amino acid pattern of the basal diet was close to an ideal balance.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of a balance of dietary amino acids required to maximise protein utilisation in the growing pig (20–80 kg liveweight)

Moughan

Smith

1984

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, any errors in estimates of maintenance or protein gain resulted in biased fat gain predictions. Further, feed energy available for fat accretion is not used at the same net efficiency as for energy gain of protein, as the NE system assumes (Berschauer et al, 1980). For example, of the major metabolites used for fat synthesis, fatty acids are the most efficient precursor, followed by glucose and propionate, with acetate being least efficient (Baldwin and Smith, 1979).…”

Section: Representation Of Biology-modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASAS CENTENNIAL PAPER: Net energy systems for beef cattle--Concepts, application, and future models

Ferrell¹,

Oltjen²

2008

Journal of Animal Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Development of nutritional energetics can be traced to the 1400s. Lavoisier established relationships among O(2) use, CO(2) production and heat production in the late 1700s, and the laws of thermodynamics and law of Hess were discovered during the 1840s. Those discoveries established the fundamental bases for nutritional energetics and enabled the fundamental entity ME = retained energy + heat energy to be established. Objectives became: 1) to establish relationships between gas exchange and heat energy, 2) to devise bases for evaluation of foods that could be related to energy expenditures, and 3) to establish causes of energy expenditures. From these endeavors, the basic concepts of energy partitioning by animals were developed, ultimately resulting in the development of feeding systems based on NE concepts. The California Net Energy System, developed for finishing beef cattle, was the first to be based on retained energy as determined by comparative slaughter and the first to use 2 NE values (NE(m) and NE(g)) to describe feed and animal requirements. The system has been broadened conceptually to encompass life cycle energy requirements of beef cattle and modified by the inclusion of numerous adjustments to address factors known to affect energy requirements and value of feed to meet those needs. The current NE system remains useful but is empirical and static in nature and thus fails to capture the dynamics of energy utilization by diverse animals as they respond to changing environmental conditions. Consequently, efforts were initiated to develop dynamic simulation models that captured the underlying biology and thus were sensitive to variable genetic and environmental conditions. Development of a series of models has been described to show examples of the conceptual evolution of dynamic, mechanistic models and their applications. Generally with each new system, advances in prediction accuracy came about by adding new terms to conceptually validated models. However, complexity of input requirements often limits general use of these larger models. Expert systems may be utilized to provide many of the additional inputs needed for application of the more complex models. Additional information available from these systems is expected to result in an ever-increasing range of application. These systems are expected to have increased generality and the capability to be integrated with other models to allow economic evaluation. This will eventually allow users to compute solutions that allow development of optimal production strategies.

show abstract

“…Individual experiments that challenge the effectiveness of .75 as the exponent to use over a wide range of body weights have been reported by Berschauer et al (1980) and . Both experiments demonstrated a decrease in MEm, expressed as kcal/(body weight, kg)'^^, when the animals increased in weight.…”

Section: Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protein deposition is energetically less efficient than fat deposition (Fowler et al, 1980). Therefore, the efficiency of ME utilization for production improves as body weight is increased (Thorbek, 1969;Berschauer et al, 1980;. Oslage and Fliegel (1965) also reported an increase in the efficiency of ME utilization as body weight increased from 30 to 80 kg, but did show a decline in the energetic efficiency as weights were increased to 160 kg.…”

Section: Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and growth by the weanling pig

McNutt

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effect of Body Weight on Efficiency of Utilization of Energy and Protein in Pigs

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Assessment of a balance of dietary amino acids required to maximise protein utilisation in the growing pig (20–80 kg liveweight)

Assessment of a balance of dietary amino acids required to maximise protein utilisation in the growing pig (20–80 kg liveweight)

ASAS CENTENNIAL PAPER: Net energy systems for beef cattle--Concepts, application, and future models

Efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and growth by the weanling pig

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About