Effect of breast-feeding on weight retention at 3 and 6 months postpartum: data from the North Carolina WIC Programme

Krause, Katrina M.; Lovelady, Cheryl A.; Peterson, Bercedis L.; Nn, Chowdhury; Østbye, Truls

doi:10.1017/s1368980010001503

Cited by 82 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Study characteristics and quality assessment Eleven studies were eligible for the meta-analysis comprising more than 37 000 women included in the final analysis (15,(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57) . Table 1 shows characteristics of these studies and potential confounders, for which adjustment was made.…”

Section: Results Of the Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zhu

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Weight gained during pregnancy and postpartum weight retention might contribute to obesity in women of childbearing age. Whether breast-feeding (BF) may decrease postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is still controversial. The purpose of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between BF and PPWR. Design: Three databases were systematically reviewed and the reference lists of relevant articles were checked. Meta-analysis was performed to quantify the pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) of BF on PPWR by using a randomeffect model. Heterogeneity was tested using the χ 2 test and I 2 statistics. Publication bias was estimated from Egger's test (linear regression method) or Begg's test (rank correlation method). Results: Among 349 search hits, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Seven studies were conducted in the USA, one in Brazil, one in France, one in Georgia and one in Croatia. Compared with formula-feeding, BF for 3 to ≤6 months seemed to have a negative influence on PPWR and if BF continued for >6 months had little or no influence on PPWR. In a subgroup meta-analysis, the results did not change substantially after the analysis had been classified by available confounding factors. There was no indication of a publication bias from the result of either Egger's test or Begg's test. Conclusions: Although the available evidence held belief that BF decreases PPWR, more robust studies are needed to reliably assess the impact of patterns and duration of BF on PPWR.

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Section: Results Of the Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zhu

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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“…13 In a covariate-adjusted study of more than 14 000 women postpartum, mothers who exclusively breastfed for longer than 6 months weighed 1.38 kg less than those who did not breastfeed. 70 In mothers without a history of gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus; for each year of breastfeeding, there was a decreased risk of 4% to 12%. 71,72 No beneficial effect for breastfeeding was noted in mothers who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes.…”

Section: Maternal Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Eidelman¹,

Schanler²,

Johnston³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,897

1,367

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Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.” National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The “Business Case for Breastfeeding” details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

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“…Among these factors, pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG are the major ones (6) . Since the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) published its guidelines for a healthy GWG in 1990, which were updated in 2009, GWG categorization into 'inadequate', 'adequate' and 'excess' has been a commonly used method for predicting PPWR and obesity over short and long terms (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) . Numerous studies have supported the suitability of GWG guidelines for positive pregnancy outcomes (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have supported the suitability of GWG guidelines for positive pregnancy outcomes (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) . However, the postpartum duration in these studies ranged from 0·5 month to 21 years, and the associations between GWG categories and PPWR were found to vary significantly (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) . Therefore, it is necessary to clarify whether the extent of the association between GWG categories and PPWR is different over the longer term compared with shorter periods of time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Han

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

167

142

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Objective: To determine the association of gestational weight gain (GWG) or pre-pregnancy BMI with postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Design: Meta-analysis. Setting: PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Current Contents Connects and Biosis Previews were used to search articles. Subjects: Publications that described the influence of pre-pregnancy BMI or GWG on PPWR. Results: Seventeen studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Women with inadequate and excessive GWG had significantly lower mean PPWR of − 2·14 kg (95 % CI -2·43, -1·85 kg) and higher PPWR of 3·21 kg (95 % CI 2·79, 3·62 kg), respectively, than women with adequate GWG. When postpartum time spans were stratified into 1-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-36 months and ≥15 years, the association between inadequate GWG and PPWR faded over time and became insignificant (−1·42 kg; 95 % CI −3·08, 0·24 kg) after ≥15 years. However, PPWR in women with excess GWG exhibited a U-shaped trend; that is, a decline during the early postpartum time span (year 1) and then an increase in the following period. Meta-analysis of qualitative studies showed a significant relationship between excessive GWG and higher PPWR risk (OR = 2·08; 95 % CI 1·60, 2·70). Moreover, meta-analysis of pre-pregnancy BMI on PPWR indicated that mean PPWR decreased with increasing BMI group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that GWG, rather than pre-pregnancy BMI, determines the shorter-or longer-term PPWR. Keywords Gestational weight gain Postpartum weight retention BMIOverweight and obesity are associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality related to CVD, diabetes, kidney diseases and certain cancers (1) . In recent decades, the prevalence of both overweight and obesity has been increasing steadily in all age groups worldwide (2) . One of the natural and biological causes of weight recycling in women is pregnancy. Pregnancy is a period in most women's lives when substantial weight is gained, considerably altering their future weight-gain trajectory (3) . The obesity epidemic has demonstrated that weight gain from pregnancy may lead to obesity development (4) . Approximately 10 % to 15 % of women retain the weight they gain during pregnancy on a long-term basis and a number of these ultimately become obese (4) . Thus, the pregnancy-postpartum period is critical because it can significantly affect long-term weight management and predispose women to chronic diseases later in life. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR) are not only nutritional problems but may also be related to activity, genetic and psychological factors faced by women of childbearing age. According to a review by Gunderson and Abrams, PPWR is presumably due to a combination of several factors, such as dietary intake, lack of physical activity, lactation, smoking status, pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and parity, and is associated with increased risks of long-term

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Effect of breast-feeding on weight retention at 3 and 6 months postpartum: data from the North Carolina WIC Programme

Cited by 82 publications

References 37 publications

Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a meta-analysis of observational studies

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