Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, and Brown Rice with Legumes on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses in Overweight Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Mohan, Viswanathan; Spiegelman, Donna; Sudha, Vasudevan; Gayathri, Rajagopal; Hong, Bor‐Cherng; Praseena, Kallingal; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Wedick, Nicole M.; Arumugam, Kokila; Malik, Vasanti; Ramachandran, Sabitha; Bai, Mookambika Ramya; Henry, Christiani Jeyakumar; Hu, Frank B.; Willett, Walter C.; Krishnaswamy, Kamala

doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0259

Cited by 115 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A decrease in body weight and an improvement of various biochemical abnormalities were also observed. The benefit of brown rice and brown rice with legumes for glycemic and insulinemic control were also shown by Mulan et al 30 Recently, Ohtsubo et al [39][40][41] succeeded in harvesting special super-hard rice, which contained a high concentration of resistant starch, due to long amylopectin chains. It showed good effect on postprandial glucose level and insulin secretion ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Medical Rice For Healthmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…30 For example, 'super-hard' high-amylose rice could be used for diabetic patients, 31 low-protein or low-gluterin rice for patients with renal failure, 32,33 GABA-rich large germ rice is expected to improve mental health, 34 and rice with high antioxidant properties would be effective for the prevention of cancer and other diseases. 35,36 Human data are accumulating, so we believe it is time to introduce the concept of medical rice for disease prevention and treatment (Table 3).…”

Section: Concept Of Medical Ricementioning

confidence: 99%

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Food as Medicine: The New Concept of “Medical Rice”

Watanabe¹,

Hirakawa²,

Nishijima³

et al. 2016

Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J

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In many countries, rice contributes to health by supplying dietary energy, proteins and fat. Many different species of rice have been developed in Japan and other rice producing countries. Some varieties are expected to prevent various diseases, or to be used for dietary therapy. The health effects of brown rice are empirically well known, and accumulating evidence about the physiological and pharmacological activity of rice bran strongly supports the use of brown rice in the dietary therapy. These could be categorized in the new concept, "medical rice". For example: medical rice for diabetes (glycemic index<55), medical rice for chronic kidney disease (CKD) (protein<1/20), medical rice for mental health (high gamma-aminobutylic acid or γ-aminobutylic acid (GABA), gamma oryzanol (γ-oryzanol) and/or ferulic acid), and medical rice for cancer prevention (high antioxidant capacity). Organic cultivation is necessary to avoid toxic substances from fertilizers and insecticides. In response to the enormous increase of medical costs in many countries, encouragement of healthy longevity by changes of dietary habits is mandatory. Functional food labeling has started in 2015 in Japan, so the proper food labeling of medical rice could help people who want to control and/or improve their health status.

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Section: Medical Rice For Healthmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Concept Of Medical Ricementioning

confidence: 99%

Food as Medicine: The New Concept of “Medical Rice”

Watanabe¹,

Hirakawa²,

Nishijima³

et al. 2016

Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J

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“…T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 M The epidemiological data focusing on legumes specifically showed inverse associations between legumes and diabetes in some (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)30) but not all (25,(27)(28)(29)31) studies, including one population-based study in India reporting an inverse association between legume intake and selfreported diabetes (30) . The authors were restricted to National Family Health Survey-3 questions on frequency intake without quantitative measures, were unable to control for total energy intake (which is correlated with legume intake) or other confounders, such as physical activity and assessed self-reported diabetes, which may be subject to temporal ambiguity of diabetic patients increasing legume intake as a result of their diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soluble fibres and the presence of α-glucosidase inhibitors allow for slower absorption and reduction of the dietary glycaemic index. Epidemiological studies in the West have yielded inconsistent associations with legume intake (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) but the average daily intake in grams is much lower than in India, where evidence is also mixed with respect to associations with diabetes and glycaemic index (30,31) . Given the higher levels of legume consumption in traditional Indian diets, trends towards lower consumption patterns over time (32,33) and concomitant quadrupling of diabetes prevalence since the 1970s (expected to touch 100 million people by 2030 (5) ), Indian populations can yield important information on the association between legumes and diabetes-related outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Legume consumption and its association with fasting glucose, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in the Indian Migration Study

Dhillon

Bowen

Kinra

et al. 2016

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Legume consumption is associated with lower fasting glucose (FG) and insulin levels in nutrition trials and lower CVD mortality in large-scale epidemiological studies. In India, legumes are widely consumed in various preparations, yet no epidemiological study has evaluated the association of legumes with FG levels, insulin resistance and diabetes risk. The present study aimed to fill this gap. Design: Fasting blood samples, in-person interviews to obtain information on demographic/socio-economic factors, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use, and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dietary intakes were assessed by an interviewer-administered, validated, semi-quantitative FFQ. Setting: Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore, India. Subjects: Men and women (n 6367) aged 15-76 years -urban residents, urban migrants and their rural siblings. Results: In multivariate random-effects models adjusted for age, BMI, total energy intake, macronutrients, physical activity and rural/migration status, daily legume consumption was not associated with FG (P-for-trend = 0·78), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment score; P-for-trend = 0·73) or the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-for-trend = 0·41). Stratified analyses by vegetarian diet and migration status did not change the findings. Inverse associations between legumes and FG emerged for participants with lower BMI and higher carbohydrate, protein, fat and sugar intakes. Conclusions: Although legumes are essential in traditional Indian diets, as well as in prudent and Mediterranean diets in the West, we did not find an association between legumes and markers of glycaemic control, insulin resistance or diabetes, except for subgroups based on BMI and macronutrient intake. The ubiquitous presence and complexity of legume preparations in Indian diets may contribute to these findings. KeywordsLegumes Diabetes Glucose Insulin resistance Nutrition Epidemiology IndiaDiabetes affects 8·3 % of (382 million) people worldwide (1) , is the fourth most common cause of deaths from non-communicable disease globally (2) and, similarly, is the fourth most common non-communicable disease in India, with an estimated 62·4 million people with diabetes and 77·2 million people with pre-diabetes (3) . Poor diet is an important risk factor (ranked highest in disability-adjusted life years (4) ) for diabetes, as well as for non-communicable diseases, and includes high levels of salt, sugar, fat, processed and animal foods, and lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and legumes (5,6) .

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“…Participants are requested to sign the register kept at the dining area before they pick up their meal, and this is used to count the number of participatory days. Preparations of both brown and white rice based recipes were previously standardized (Mohan et al, 2014). Prior to the beginning of the randomized intervention trial, a 1-week run-in phase is conducted to evaluate participant’s motivation, and willingness to adhere to the diet throughout the study period.…”

Section: Study Design and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study design and methods for a randomized crossover trial substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India

Wedick

Sudha

Spiegelman

et al. 2015

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

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India has the second largest number of people with diabetes in the world following China. Evidence indicates that consumption of whole grains can reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. This manuscript describes the study design and methods of a trial in progress evaluating the effects of substituting whole grain brown rice for polished (refined) white rice on biomarkers of diabetes risk (glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, inflammation). This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a crossover design conducted in Chennai, India among overweight but otherwise healthy volunteers aged 25–65y with a body mass index ≥23kg/m2 and habitual rice consumption ≥200grams/day. The feasibility and cultural appropriateness of this type of intervention in the local environment will also be examined. If the intervention is efficacious, the findings can be incorporated into national-level policies which could include the provision of brown rice as an option or replacement for white rice in government institutions and food programs. This relatively simple dietary intervention has the potential to substantially diminish the burden of diabetes in Asia and elsewhere.

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Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, and Brown Rice with Legumes on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses in Overweight Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract: Consumption of BR in place of WR can help reduce 24-h glucose and fasting insulin responses among overweight Asian Indians.

Cited by 115 publications

References 31 publications

Food as Medicine: The New Concept of “Medical Rice”

Food as Medicine: The New Concept of “Medical Rice”

Legume consumption and its association with fasting glucose, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in the Indian Migration Study

Study design and methods for a randomized crossover trial substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India

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