Effect of BTHWA Biostimulation on Lettuce Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Gas Exchange, and Thermography

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine lettuce using different concentrations of the biostimulator N-methyl-N-methoxyamide-7-carboxybenzo(1.2.3)thiadiazole (BTHWA), a new benzothiadiazole derivative. Different concentrations of BTHWA during watering and spraying were applied to lettuce. Chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, thermal images, and plant parameter data were used to study physiological process and the growth of lettuce. Chlorophyll fluorescence data showed a strong effect after the first BTHWA application to lettuce. After three applications, the plants were harvested and data were recorded. Similarly, in the second experiment, gas exchange and thermal images were recorded after the first treatment of BTHWA. Our findings showed improved chlorophyll efficiency after the first BTHWA application, and no adverse effects were recorded on the overall photochemistry at any concentration. Regarding growth parameters, spraying BTHWA reduced the fresh weight but decreased the damage index. A lower watering concentration (0.066 mg/L) applied three times did not cause any damage to plants and fresh weight, even after repeated applications. Infrared thermal images showed BTHWA application also significantly affected plant temperature. Gas exchange data revealed that sprayed plants exhibited higher transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rates when compared to watered and control plants. This study suggests that application of a low dose of BTHWA is safe to use in agriculture practices in lettuce without compromising its growth and yield.