Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

Abstract

In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with narrow size distribution via a wet ball milling sol-gel method. The effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity was observed from particle size, crystallite size, and phase transition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Increasing calcination temperature increased particle size, crystallite size, and the crystallinity of synthesized TiO2. Phase transition depended on variation in calcination temperatures. A two-phase mixture of anatase and brookite was obtained with lower calcination temperature whereas a three-phase mixture appeared when calcination temperature was 500–600 °C. With higher temperature, the rutile phase kept increasing until it was the only phase observed at 800 °C. Anatase strongly affected the photocatalytic activity from 300 °C to 600 °C while the particle size of TiO2 was found to have a dominant effect on the photocatalytic activity between 600 °C and 700 °C. A mixture of three phases of TiO2-600 exhibited the highest methylene blue degradation with the rate constant of 9.46 × 10−2 h−1 under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.

Dye degradation performance, bactericidal behavior and molecular docking analysis of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

“…These planes belong to tetragonal anatase phase of Cu-doped TiO 2 that correlates with standard spectrum (JCPDS card 21-1272) along with space group I4 1 /amd (141) with corresponding cell dimensions of a ¼ 3.758 A and c ¼ 9.513 A. [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The lattice spacing is $0.35 nm for TiO 2 equivalent to (101) facet, also validated with HR-TEM observation (see Fig. 9).…”

THE EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE TO THE COMPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS OF TiO2SiO2 NANOPARTICLE

“…The longer the ligand (-OR) in the precursor, the slower the hydrolysis rate. It is because of steric hindrance due to the longer R chain, therefore the transfer of ligand (-OR) with hydroxyl group (-OH) is slower [15].…”

“…In condensation process, there was a change from sol to gel. The used 110 o C is to dried and evaporate the solvent leftover in the gel and gel that has cross linking addition in unreacted group of -OH and -OR, thus it can form good solids [15]. The anatase crystal phase was formed at a temperature of 400 °C and the growth of anatase crystals increased along with the increase in calcination temperature, at a temperature of 400-600 °C rutile nucleation occurred [6].…”

Photocatalytic Degradation of Ammonia with Titania Nanoparticles under UV Light Irradiation

“…The band gap of synthesized photocatalyst is 3.2 eV which is shown that the anatase phase is dramatically higher than the rutile phase. The anatase phase has the highest photocatalytic activity because of an indirect band gap of the anatase phase (Phromma et al 2020).…”