“…The spectra exhibited representative Raman modes, the characteristic peaks of the magnetite nanoparticles present in both Fe 3 O 4 @AVS-BC and Fe 3 O 4 @MMT, including the peak at 1072 cm −1 , which corresponds to the stretching vibration of Fe-O bonds, and the one at 685 cm −1 related to the bending vibration of Fe-O bonds, further signifying the presence of magnetite. The obtained data agrees with the reported data for the as-prepared Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (Abd elfadeel et al 2023, Xie et al 2020. Alternatively, the Raman spectra for AVS-BC showed the presence of two strong bands at 1592 cm −1 , which corresponds to a D-band (related to the presence of sp 3 C-C atoms), and the second band (G-band) at 1350 cm −1 , which is called a graphitic band, related to the E 2g phonon of sp 2 carbon (C-C) atoms, which are characteristic peaks of carbonaceous materials (Chen et al 2023, Wang et al 2015, Xu et al 2015, Zhang et al 2023b.…”