Effect of calcium-modified silica on retention and selectivity in normal-phase liquid chromatography

Okamoto, Mitsuyoshi; Nobuhara, Kazunori; Ishii, Daido

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)00869-b

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Through these silanol groups, the surface of silica gel can be easily modified with either organic functional groups or inorganic cations [2][3][4] . Calcium ions have been widely used to synthesize both calcium-doped silica and calcium silicate composites [5][6][7][8][9] . Calcium-doped silica (CS) was synthesized and its functionality as a catalyst, drug carrier, and anticorrosion pigment was investigated 5,[10][11][12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calcium-doped silica (CS) was synthesized and its functionality as a catalyst, drug carrier, and anticorrosion pigment was investigated 5,[10][11][12] . In normal phase liquid chromatography, silica gel modified with calcium showed a considerable increase in its retention and selectivity 8 . Samart et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CS is usually prepared by modifying silica substrates with Ca 2+ ions in aqueous solution 3,8,24 . Ca…”

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Characterization of Calcium-doped Silica Gel Prepared in an Aqueous Solution

Quang

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

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In this study, calcium-doped silica was prepared by modifying sodium silicate-based silica gel in an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. Silica gels with less than 1 mm in size with different pH values were treated in Ca(OH)2 solution at concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 g/L and aged at 25, 60, and 90°C for 40 min. The BET surface area of the silica gel decreased while its pore size increased considerably after modification in Ca(OH)2 solution. The pH of 5% calcium-doped silica in water ranged from about 8.5 to 10, depending on the pH of silica gel, the aging temperature, and the concentration of the Ca(OH)2. When the concentration of the Ca(OH)2 solution was 20%, needle-like crystals of calcium silicate hydrate formed over the surface of silica gel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Calcium-doped Silica Gel Prepared in an Aqueous Solution

Quang

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

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Silica gel modified with silver ions was prepared in [4] (the amount of adsorbed silver was 420-4500 µ g).

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New stationary phases for normal-phase HPLC based on silica gel modified with cobalt, nickel, zinc, and cadmium salts

2005

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In recent years, data has been reported on the modification of silica gel with magnesium and calcium oxides, which leads to a decrease in both acidity and polarity of the surface of silica gel and, as a consequence, to an increase in the retention times of some organic compounds and higher efficiency and selectivity [1][2][3]. However, only few works have dealt with the modification of silica gels with transition metals.Silica gel modified with silver ions was prepared in [4] (the amount of adsorbed silver was 420-4500 µ g). The chromatographic behavior of this sorbent drastically differs from the behavior of unmodified silica gel. It was demonstrated that the retention of unsaturated fatty acids on silica gel modified with silver ions depends on the stability of the complexes formed by silver(I) and π electrons of the carbon-carbon double bond and on the number and geometry of carbon-carbon double bonds. This sorbent modified with silver ions exhibits higher selectivity than silica gel with bonded amino groups in the separation of phenols and phthalates. Examples of the use of metal-modified silica gels as stationary phases in normal-phase liquid chromatography reported in the literature allow a conclusion that the materials of this kind are highly promising. On the whole, however, the reasons for the change in the chromatographic properties of silica gels modified with metal salts are insufficiently studied.The aim of this work was to study the chromatographic behavior of silica gel modified with transition metal oxides.EXPERIMENTAL Instruments and materials. Stock 0.2 M modifying solutions were prepared by dissolving weighed portions of dry cobalt, nickel, zinc, and cadmium nitrates (all salts of analytical grade) in distilled water. Silasorb SPH silica gel (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic) with the specific surface area 300 m 2 /g and the particle size 5 µ m was selected as the initial matrix. A mixture (70 : 22 : 8) of hexane, chloroform, and isopropanol (all of analytical grade) was used for the preparation of the eluent. Isopropanol, glycerol (analytical grade), and distilled water in the ratio 15 : 1 : 1 were used for the preparation of a solution for packing columns. m-Nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline, o -phenylenediamine, m -phenylenediamine, and 4-nitrophenylhydrazine (all of analytical grade) were selected as model compounds for studying the chromatographic behavior of different sorbents.Sorbents were dried and calcinated in a PM-9 muffle furnace (Russia). A column was filled with a sorbent on a B-110v high-pressure liquid pump for column packing (Beckman, Germany). Steel columns (4 × 50 mm) were used in this work. The retention of compounds was studied on a Staier liquid chromatograph (Aquilon, Russia) equipped with a plunger pump and a six-way valve with a loop volume of 20 µ L. The signal was detected using an Avp10 spectrophotometric detector (Shimadzu, Japan) at 254 nm. The IR spectra of samples were recorded in the region 400-4000 cm -1 on an IFS-113v Fourier-transform spectrometer (Bruker, USA).Exper...

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“…The sorbent obtained by the deposition of magnesium oxide at the surface of silica gel and subsequent calcination exhibits excellent separating ability for basic compounds including pyridine, for which the determination on unmodified silica gel presents difficulties [3]. However, silica gel obtained by this technique is highly polydisperse and is hardly suitable as a material for a highly efficient column [4]. Note that the specific surface area of silica gel insignificantly decreases with increasing amount of bonded magnesium, and the volume of pores remains nearly constant.…”

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New Stationary Phases for Normal-Phase HPLC Based on Silica Gel Modified with Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Salts

2005

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Currently, normal-phase chromatography is used much less frequently than reversed-phase chromatography. This is due to the use of expensive solvents and the necessity of continuously controlling the amount of water at the surface of the sorbent and in the eluent. However, on the development of the microcolumn experimental technique, this method finds increasing application for the determination of weakly polar organic compounds. The range of application of the normal-phase technique is significantly expanded by different modifications of the surface of silica gel, among which the most popular are silica gels with bonded amino and mercapto groups. Silanol groups that occur at the surface of silica gel exhibit weakly acidic properties and, hence, more strongly retain compounds with basic properties. Therefore, the majority of modifications are based on a change in the acidity of the surface of silica gel.In recent years, the data on the modification of silica gel with magnesium and calcium oxides have been reported in the literature. This modification leads to a decrease in both the acidity and the polarity of the surface of silica gel and, as a consequence, to an increase in the retention times of some organic compounds.Silica gel modified with silver ions was prepared in [1] (the amount of adsorbed silver was 420-4500 µ g). The chromatographic behavior of these sorbent drastically differed from the behavior of unmodified silica gel. It was demonstrated that the retention of unsaturated fatty acids on silica gel modified with silver ions depends on the stability of the complex and on the number and geometry of the carbon-carbon double bonds. It was also demonstrated that this sorbent exhibits higher selectivity than silica gel with bonded amino groups in the separation of phenols and phthalates.The procedure for preparing Ca-modified silica gel (the amount of adsorbed calcium was 58-4800 µ g) is similar to the procedure for preparing silica gel modified with silver ions [2]. The authors demonstrated the good separation of N , N -diethylaniline and N -ethylaniline and suggested that the separation occurs mostly due to Ca-Si bonds.It was found that mixed silica gel and magnesium oxide adsorbents [3, 4] exhibit some specific properties. The sorbent obtained by the deposition of magnesium oxide at the surface of silica gel and subsequent calcination exhibits excellent separating ability for basic compounds including pyridine, for which the determination on unmodified silica gel presents difficulties [3]. However, silica gel obtained by this technique is highly polydisperse and is hardly suitable as a material for a highly efficient column [4]. Note that the specific surface area of silica gel insignificantly decreases with increasing amount of bonded magnesium, and the volume of pores remains nearly constant. However, the modification of silica gel with magnesium ions leads to a decrease in the acidity of the silica gel surface. The study of the chromatographic behavior of Mg-modified silica gels demonstrated their ex...

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Effect of calcium-modified silica on retention and selectivity in normal-phase liquid chromatography

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Characterization of Calcium-doped Silica Gel Prepared in an Aqueous Solution

Characterization of Calcium-doped Silica Gel Prepared in an Aqueous Solution

New stationary phases for normal-phase HPLC based on silica gel modified with cobalt, nickel, zinc, and cadmium salts

New Stationary Phases for Normal-Phase HPLC Based on Silica Gel Modified with Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Salts

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