Effect of carbon black on light transmission in laser welding of thermoplastics

Chen, Mingliang; Zak, G.; Bates, P. J.

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.08.017

Cited by 73 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The form of Eq. (6) is consistent with the model developed by Chen et al [14] for describing the light transmission through single and multiscattering polymers for a 0 deg incidence angle. The only difference between Eq.…”

Section: (4)supporting

confidence: 88%

Laser Light Transmission Through Thermoplastics as a Function of Thickness and Laser Incidence Angle: Experimental and Modeling

Azhikannickal¹,

Bates

Zak

2012

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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It is important to accurately measure and predict the laser light transmission through unreinforced and reinforced thermoplastics if candidate materials are to be assessed for laser transmission welding (LTW) applications. This paper presents the results of laser transmission measurements through unreinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) and 10% glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate of various thicknesses and corresponding to various laser incidence angles (angle betH'een the incident laser beam and the normal to the transparent part), A novel transmission measurement method, developed by the authors, was employed, A model, utilizing the Fresnel specular suiface reßection conditions as well as accounting for refraction, absorption and reflection of the laser light through the bulk material, was used to predict transmission as a function of thickness and laser incidence angle. Results of transmission tests on both materials showed that, for a given thickness, the transmission decreases as the laser angle of incidence increases, ¡n addition, at any given laser incidence angle, the transmission decreases as the thickness increases. The advantage of the model is that it requires only one experimentally determined constant for a given material. Good agreement existed between the experimentally measured transmission and the model prediction for the range of thicknesses and laser incidence angles studied, [

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Section: (4)supporting

confidence: 88%

Laser Light Transmission Through Thermoplastics as a Function of Thickness and Laser Incidence Angle: Experimental and Modeling

Azhikannickal¹,

Bates

Zak

2012

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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“…It is clearly seen that the absorption coefficient increases considerably with increasing the content of CB. The range (up to ~3000 cm −1 ) of α values is higher than the reported one (usually <500 cm −1 ) for polymer welding (requiring less energy than glass sealing) probably due to the higher laser power and the higher content of CB used here …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…. The absorption coefficient α was calculated by the Beer's law:

α = - \frac{1}{t} ln \frac{I}{I_{0}}

where I 0 and I are the intensity of the incident and transmitted laser radiation, respectively, and t is the thickness of the film. It is clearly seen that the absorption coefficient increases considerably with increasing the content of CB.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Laser Sealing Enabled by Glass Thick Films Containing Carbon Black/Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2013

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An effective way of providing complete sealing of glass using an 810 nm diode laser was investigated for longer lifetime of glass panel‐based devices. Small amounts (<5 wt%) of laser‐absorbing materials such as carbon black (CB) or carbon nanotubes (CNT) were added to a bismuth zinc borate glass paste for instantaneous adhesion between glass substrates without interfacial cracks or severe pores. A higher laser power was required for a lower content of carbon for the laser‐assisted sealing of glass. As optimal compositions, the addition of 1.0 wt% CB or 0.5 wt% CNT led to complete densification of glass with higher optical transmittance. Higher absorption coefficients calculated in the CNT case, e.g., ~536.4 cm−1 for the 0.5 wt% CNT sample compared to ~277.6 cm−1 for the 0.5 wt% CB sample, are believed to be responsible for the effective sealing even with a lower content of CNT.

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“…F shear MAX continued increasing as the sepiolite load continued growing above 5 wt % up to reach values of F shear MAX 39% higher than reference welding when the load of sepiolite was 9 wt %. This behavior can be explained from the results of the PA66/sepiolite nanocomposites mechanical testing previously reported and the filler influence in the transmission laser welding of polymer . On the one hand, the efficiency of the laser welding process is reduced with the filler content due to the sepiolite particles can reflect the laser radiation and generate a semicrystalline reticular system with less freedom of movement of the chains to create an intimate blend with the PLA, without introducing any significant improvement in the thermal properties analyzed in this work for the nanocomposite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Laser transmission welding of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide66/sepiolite nanocomposites

Navas‐Martos¹,

Yebra‐Rodríguez²,

Rubia

2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Influence of sepiolite nanoclay on the properties of the resulting join between poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and different Polyamide66 (PA66)/nanoclay nanocomposites was studied in this work. Six different polymer nanocomposites based on PA66 were manufactured through a melt compounding process by adding a fixed 1.64 wt % of a commercial IR absorber additive and the respective weight percentages of sepiolite to the polymer matrix. Several nanocomposite/PLA joints were finally performed by means of the transmission laser welding technology and the resulting weldings were characterized in terms of mechanical properties by performing peeling and shearing tests. Furthermore, both welded and mechanically tested samples were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy in order to study the morphology of the weld seam. The results of the performed tests show that the addition of sepiolite to the PA66 improves the welding performance only in those cases in which the percentage of sepiolite of the nanocomposites is higher than 5 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46638.

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Effect of carbon black on light transmission in laser welding of thermoplastics

Cited by 73 publications

References 8 publications

Laser Light Transmission Through Thermoplastics as a Function of Thickness and Laser Incidence Angle: Experimental and Modeling

Laser Light Transmission Through Thermoplastics as a Function of Thickness and Laser Incidence Angle: Experimental and Modeling

Effective Laser Sealing Enabled by Glass Thick Films Containing Carbon Black/Carbon Nanotubes

Laser transmission welding of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide66/sepiolite nanocomposites

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