Effect of carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the performance of thermoplastic starch nanocomposites

Liu, Zhanjun; Zhao, Lei; Chen, Min-Nan; Yu, Jianxing

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.007

Cited by 60 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Though CNTs have already been widely used for other polymer nanocomposite systems (Kumar et al 2009;Spitalsky et al 2010), the use of CNTs as the nanofiller to develop starch-based nanobiocomposites has just been initiated, and mostly MWCNTs were involved (Cao et al 2007;Famá et al 2011;Liu et al 2011e;Ma et al 2008d) (with the only exception that Bonnet et al (2007) used SWCNTs in their initial study). This may be due to the lower price and more abundance of MWCNTs than SWCNTs.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…-The treatment by a surfactant (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (Ma et al 2008d) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (Bonnet et al 2007)) -The carboxylation by strong acids (e.g., sulfuric acid and nitric acid) (Cao et al 2007;Liu et al 2011e) -The wrapping by an aqueous solution of a starch-iodine complex (Famá et al 2011) The last method is especially interesting regarding starch-based nanocomposites. This method was initiated by Star et al (2002), in which the helical conformation of amylose was initially formed by complexation with iodine (or bromide (Casey et al 2005)), and then a subsequent treatment with SWCNTs displaced the iodine molecules inside the helix.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, care should be taken since the sequence of adding ingredients might affect the nanofiller dispersion, the gelatinization/plasticization, and thus the final structure of the nano-biocomposite. Summarized from the literature, three ways of solution preparation process were practiced: Polysaccharides DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_50-1 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 (a) The nanofiller was first dispersed in a water solution (with surfactant or starch-iodine complex) and treated with sonication, and then starch and glycerol were added to the same solution with strong stirring and increased temperature for gelatinization, followed by casting (Bonnet et al 2007;Famá et al 2012Famá et al , 2011Liu et al 2011e;Ma et al 2008d). (b) The nanofiller was dispersed in water with sonication; in parallel, starch and glycerol were dispersed in water with increased temperature and strong stirring for gelatinization.…”

Section: Preparation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced Nano-biocomposites Based on Starch

Xie¹,

Pollet²,

Halley³

et al. 2014

Polysaccharides

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Starch as a biopolymer directly extracted from nature has received much attention in recent years due to its strong advantages such as low cost, wide availability, renewability, and total compostability without toxic residues. Starch-based materials always display properties that are less satisfactory than those of traditional polymer materials, which can be ascribed to the inherent characteristics of starch. To make such materials to be truly competitive and to widen its applications, the development of starch-based nano-biocomposites could be a promising solution. This chapter provides the fundamental knowledge related to starch-based nano-biocomposites as well as the most recent developments in this area. Various types of nanofillers that have been used with plasticized starch are discussed such as montmorillonite, cellulose nanowhiskers, and starch nanoparticles. The preparation strategies for starch-based nano-biocomposites with these types of nanofillers and the corresponding dispersion state and related properties are also largely discussed.

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Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Advanced Nano-biocomposites Based on Starch

Xie¹,

Pollet²,

Halley³

et al. 2014

Polysaccharides

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Many authors have investigated the possibility of using CNTs to enhance the mechanical properties of TPS , Cao et al, 2007, Liu et al, 2011b, Famá et al, 2011, Cheng et al, 2013. Most of these studies employ MWCNTs, probably due to the lower price and more abundance of MWCNTs than SWCNTs.…”

Section: Starch/carbon-nanotubes Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When CNTs are introduced into these material systems, the complexity of the factors affecting tensile properties increase. In particular, the distribution and dispersion of CNTs can significantly influence the tensile properties as mentioned 2.4.3 (Liu et al, 2011b, Cao et al, 2007, Famá et al, 2011. Also, as a nanofiller, CNTs are very likely to have an effect on crystallisation behaviour, either facilitating the crystallisation due to their nucleating role or slowing the crystal growth, introducing lamellar defects (Taghizadeh and Favis, 2013), and hence in turn affecting water (Cael et al, 1975, Cael et al, 1973, Dhital et al, 2011, Kizil et al, 2002 (Brown et al, 2001, Jorio et al, 2002 G band 1606…”

Section: Elongation At Break [%]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly functional green materials platform: Starch-ionic liquid-carbon nanotube polymer melt nanocomposites

Liu¹

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Starch is a promising biodegradable polymer material which has attracted attention recently. A renewable and biodegradable resource can potentially address the shortage of conventional petroleum-based polymers and help solve the problem of environmental pollution from the use of these polymers. To use starch in polymer processing, gelatinisation, which is the process to disrupt the native starch structure, must happen to turn the starch in to an amorphous thermoplastic starch (TPS). However, water, the conventional gelatinisation agent and plasticiser, is extremely volatile and will evaporate during thermal processing. This leads to high melt viscosities, processing difficulties and hence poor product quality. In addition the mechanical properties of the resulting TPS products are not as high as that of the currently used petroleum-based polymers that they seek to replace.Therefore, potential solutions for TPS processing and application development is to use other plasticisers to aid processing and/or to reinforce TPS with nano-particles. One of the key tasks of this project was to understand the plasticizing effects of ionic liquids (ILs) in TPS processing and interpreting these in terms of the molecular interactions between the components. In addition the role of adding nano-particles, in the form of carbon nanotubes, in an attempt to strengthen TPS was investigated. The ultimate aim was to provide design guidelines to produce high value added biodegradable nanocomposites.Three types of ionic liquids (ILs) were considered: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]), 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl). They were processed in batches of 150g by thermal mixing. Their behaviours were compared to glycerol as plasticisers of TPS, and their effects on TPS processing, water uptake during conditioning, mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, crystallisation behaviour and molecular interaction were studied. Both spectroscopic and X-ray analysis techniques were used to investigate the interactions that occurred, and these were related to the material characteristics. Then, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were introduced to the TPS matrix to investigate their behaviour as a strengthening agent and also to potentially create a functional material with useful electrical properties.The results demonstrated that the ILs were effective plasticisers for TPS. However, whilst their use improved the flexibility of TPS, mechanical strength and thermal stability were decreased.The molecular interactions between TPS and ILs were found to differ between TPS and glycerol. This led to differences in the crystalline structures formed, 2% to 4% more water Page | iii uptake during conditioning and hence up to a 90% decrease in Young's modulus. In particular the effect of water uptake during conditioning was identified as the key contributor to the ultimate mechanical properties. The IL plasticised TPS were also found to be less thermally stable.In or...

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