Effect of cationic dendrimer on membrane mimetic systems in the form of monolayer and bilayer

Impact of Ionic Liquids on the Physicochemical Behavior of Vesicles

“…The cytotoxicity of the vesicles with varying concentrations of the two different ILs was studied by estimating the percentage of cell viability of leukocytes through MTT assay by comparing the experimental samples to the control (Figure 8). 27,28,76 No significant differences in cell viability could be observed between the cells treated with vesicles with varying concentration of ILs and the negative control (NC, i.e., vesicles without ILs). However, a concentration-dependent mild reduction of cell viability was noticed.…”

“…In order to understand the impact of IL on the packing of the lipid bilayer and associated thermodynamics of the chain melting process, , DSC studies were carried out using Pyris 6 DSC-8000, (Perkin Elmer, USA), as detailed in the Supporting Section.…”

“…65 NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes of the viable cells metabolically reduced the MTT, a soluble tetrazolium salt, into an insoluble colored product, formazan, quantified colorimetrically. 28 The percentage of cell viability was calculated using the following equation 66 The increase in molecular area with increasing IL concentration in the subphase is well documented in the literature. 17,26,27 The minimum molecular area of the lipid monolayers was calculated by extrapolating the linear part of the isotherm in the liquid-condensed region; a tangent is drawn through the linear part of the surface pressure−area isotherm in the lower molecular area (data now shown), which eventually gives the minimum molecular area (A min ) of the lipid blends.…”

“…In spite of their multifaceted application potentials, ILs are now being criticized for their perceived safety and environmental impacts. − Although they are widely used in different industries that are being extended in the field of pharmacy, their impacts on the biological systems are becoming a matter of concern considering their health hazards. , Extensive investigations on the toxicological consequences of ILs on living cells, microorganisms, and higher organisms are, therefore, warranted. Recent studies reveal that the IL molecules can impart a thinning effect on biomembranes, whereby the cationic moiety can get inserted into the bilayer. , The research group of Ghosh et al has been actively engaged in assessing the impact of ILs on different model membranes as well as tissues/organs. ,,,− In order to understand the effect of ILs on cellular systems, studies have been made on lipids in the form of monolayer ,,− and bilayer/vesicles. ,,, The toxicity of a molecule is related to its binding affinity with the cell membrane . The binding processes at lower IL concentrations can be beneficial in the fields of bionanomedicine, bionanotechnology, etc. ,,,, Vesicles comprising a judicious blend of lipids in the presence of certain concentrations of ILs can be beneficial .…”

“…The composition of the lipid blend should preferably be mimetic to the cellular membrane bilayer . There are different reports on the effects of ILs on membrane mimetic systems. ,,,,,,,,− In spite of several in vitro and in vivo studies using different physicochemical techniques, further studies involving the effects of ILs on the orientation of the lipidic components at the air–solution interface and the magnitude of the ordering/disordering (formation of two-dimensional liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed regions), considered to be the first step, are not plenty in the literature. ,,, The interfacial behavior on the lipid monolayer in the presence of ILs in the underlying subphase can conveniently be studied by Langmuir surface balance (surface pressure–area isotherm), ,,, neutron reflectometry, X-ray reflectivity, etc. On the other hand, the effect of ILs on the bilayer (vesicles) can conveniently be studied by a variety of techniques, viz., dynamic light scattering, ,,,, small-angle X-ray scattering, , transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, ,, mechanoelasticity study, , differential scanning calorimetry, ,, neutron spin echometry, ,,,, and molecular dynamics simulations studies, to mention a few.…”