Effect of cations of alkali metals and ammonium on the process of deposition and structure of iron-tungsten alloys

Iron–tungsten alloys electrodeposited under direct current from citrate–ammonia plating baths

“…Moreover, the current efficiency, the structure, and the morphology of such electrodeposited alloys depend on the cations presented in the electrolyte, namely NH 4 + , K + , and Na + [16]. Recently, the mechanical properties of Fe-W coatings deposited from various electrolytes at current densities varying from 1 to 35 А dm − 2 at plating temperatures between 40 and 90°С, were reported [6,12,14].…”

“…At least four processes take place during the electrodeposition of Fe-W alloys, namely the reduction of both iron complexes and tungstate ions, the evolution of hydrogen, and the formation of products resulting from the incomplete reduction of iron ions [14][15][16]. Moreover, the current efficiency, the structure, and the morphology of such electrodeposited alloys depend on the cations presented in the electrolyte, namely NH 4 + , K + , and Na + [16].…”

“…The maximum microhardness was obtained for Fe-W coatings electrodeposited from citrate-ammonia baths operated at 70°С. An important feature of such alloys was their amorphous or nanocrystalline structure [6,[14][15][16][17][18]. The corrosion behavior of such Fe-W coatings was reported by Kublanosky et al [18].…”

Optimization of CuW alloy electrodeposition towards high-tungsten content

“…In the citrate baths used in tungsten-based alloy electrodeposition, several parameters can impact the process [7,[27][28][29][30]. These parameters can be divided into two groups.…”