In order to solve the disposal problem of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI‐BAS) and decrease the energy consumption and environmental pollution of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) prepared by traditional sintering methods, nonsintered LWA were produced with MSWI‐BAS. The effects of different curing time and additives on the performance of LWA were studied. Results showed that the LWA after 28 days of curing has the best physical properties: compressive strength 1.50 MPa, 1 hr water absorption 35%, and particle density 868 kg/m3. When the MSWI‐BAS content is 64%, the granules have the highest particle strength and particle density, reaching 2 MPa and 860 kg/m3, respectively. Ca2+ and SO42− disintegrated from CaSO4·2H2O interact with the skeleton of LWA to produce silica‐alumina gel materials, which are beneficial to strength. The sodium silicate mainly acts as a binder to promote the reaction of Ca2+ and Al3+ in the reaction system to produce C‐S‐H gels, which increase the density and strength. This innovative technology using MSWI‐BAS to produce high performance and nonsintered LWA is fully compliant with the requirements of clean production and sustainable development.