Effect of Changing Climatic Conditions on Chill Units Accumulation and Productivity of Apple in Mid Hill Sub Humid Zone of Western Himalayas, India

Chand, Hukam; Verma, Shruti; Bhardwaj, S. D.; Sharma, Subhash; Mahajan, P. K.; Sharma, R. K.

doi:10.12944/cwe.11.1.18

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The calculated chill units using station data trend in our results is in agreement with that of some other studies for apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. For example, Chand et al 2016 and Sen et al 2015 used the UTAH model to calculate the chill units of a station in Kullu district and found a similar decreasing trend as presented in the present study [ 37 , 38 ]. But, the use of Dale.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Why apple orchards are shifting to the higher altitudes of the Himalayas?

et al. 2020

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Apple cultivation is one of the most important sources of livelihood in Indian side of the Himalayas. The present study focuses on the apple orchards of Himachal Pradesh, a state within the Himalayan Mountains, a major apple producers of India. In the study, it is found that the optimum apple growing conditions in the region have been consistently shifting and farmers are shifting their orchards to the higher altitudes. For example, orchards have shifted to 1500-2500 meters in the 2000s compared to the cultivated elevation of 1200-1500 meters during 1980s. As of 2014, apples are being cultivated at an elevation of more than 3500 meters, for example, the newly developed orchards of Leo village in upper Kinnaur and Keylong area of Lahul and Spiti districts. Chilling hours for different districts are calculated. The trend of temperature during the growth period, winter session and annual rainfall have been analysed using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope test. Data catalogued from different time periods indicates that the northward shift (towards higher altitude) is due to changes in chilling hours, total annual rainfall and mean surface temperature during the apple growing season. The mean surface temperature in all the districts has increased by almost 0.5˚C during last 2000-2014. These changes are directly related to global warming. While the changing climate is reducing the apple production in low altitudinal regions of the state, it is creating new opportunities for apple cultivation in higher altitudes as conditions are getting more favourable for apple growth in those higher regions. The associated socioeconomic changes are posing new societal issues for the local farmers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…and Sen et al 2015 used the UTAH model to calculate the chill units of a station in Kullu district and found a similar decreasing trend as presented in the present study [37,38]. But, the use of Dale.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 83%

Why apple orchards are shifting to the higher altitudes of the Himalayas?

et al. 2020

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“…Thakur (1994) also supported that off-season vegetable production and marketing is the most profitable farm business giving very high production and income to farmers per unit area of land. The present findings are also in accordance with the findings of Sen et al (2015) and Chand et al (2016) who reported that there was a decreasing trend in the apple productivity of the order of (0.016 tonnes/ha/ year) during the period 1985-2009 in the Kullu valley due to non fulfillment of chill units.…”

Section: Reasons For Land Use Changessupporting

confidence: 93%

Land use and land cover changes in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh

Vaidya

Bhardwaj

K.³

2018

Indian J Agri Sci

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Land use changes are the land conversions from one type to another that alter the earth surface to satisfy mankind's immediate demand. Land use change detection using satellite imageries has emerged important mean to gather information on regional scale changes. Present study envisaged the spatio-temporal land use land cover changes of Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh using LANDSAT imageries of 1989 and 2016. The results were verified through the secondary data as well as primary data collected by detailed survey of the Kullu valley (Kullu and Naggar blocks) and drivers for such changes were also identified. The studies were carried out for major land use type, viz. agriculture, orchard, forest and built up in the valley over a period of 27 years. Supervised classification was done using Maximum Likelihood Classification Algorithm through ERDAS Imagine 14 software. The results indicated that during last 27 years, the built up area has increased to the extent of 90.81% followed by orchards (12.39%) and forest (6.26%), whereas area under agriculture was decreased by 56.88%. The primary data revealed that farmers are abandoning the wheat, paddy, maize and barley crops and are pursuing cultivation of vegetable and fruit crops. Increased economic returns and climate change emerged as the probable drivers for the changes in the valley.

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“…Among these, temperature and atmospheric CO 2 are the most highlighted climate elements for temperate tree crops. Extensive research in tree phenology has demonstrated that the increase in temperature and atmospheric CO 2 levels ultimately influences the number of chill hours required for dormancy breaking and the yield and fruit quality of temperate fruit crops [10,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] (examples are given in Tables 1 and 2). Several studies have evaluated the productivity of temperate fruit crops with the current status of global climate change [4,33,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Climate Change and Temperate Fruit Productivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions

et al. 2021

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Adequate chill is of great importance for successful production of deciduous fruit trees. However, temperate fruit trees grown under tropical and subtropical regions may face insufficient winter chill, which has a crucial role in dormancy and productivity. The objective of this review is to discuss the challenges for dormancy and chilling requirements of temperate fruit trees, especially in warm winter regions, under climate change conditions. After defining climate change and dormancy, the effects of climate change on various parameters of temperate fruit trees are described. Then, dormancy breaking chemicals and organic compounds, as well as some aspects of the mechanism of dormancy breaking, are demonstrated. After this, the relationships between dormancy and chilling requirements are delineated and challenging aspects of chilling requirements in climate change conditions and in warm winter environments are demonstrated. Experts have sought to develop models for estimating chilling requirements and dormancy breaking in order to improve the adaption of temperate fruit trees under tropical and subtropical environments. Some of these models and their uses are described in the final section of this review. In conclusion, global warming has led to chill deficit during winter, which may become a limiting factor in the near future for the growth of temperate fruit trees in the tropics and subtropics. With the increasing rate of climate change, improvements in some managing tools (e.g., discovering new, more effective dormancy breaking organic compounds; breeding new, climate-smart cultivars in order to solve problems associated with dormancy and chilling requirements; and improving dormancy and chilling forecasting models) have the potential to solve the challenges of dormancy and chilling requirements for temperate fruit tree production in warm winter fruit tree growing regions.

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Effect of Changing Climatic Conditions on Chill Units Accumulation and Productivity of Apple in Mid Hill Sub Humid Zone of Western Himalayas, India

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Why apple orchards are shifting to the higher altitudes of the Himalayas?

Why apple orchards are shifting to the higher altitudes of the Himalayas?

Land use and land cover changes in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh

Temperate Fruit Trees under Climate Change: Challenges for Dormancy and Chilling Requirements in Warm Winter Regions

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