“…However, its industrial application is still limited to various factors, including production of low water fluxes and membrane fouling (Drioli, Ali and Macedonio, 2015). Although MD continues to be evaluated on laboratory scale for water desalination and treatment of wastewater, extensive studies are required to realize industrial operation (Lalia et al, 2014;Huang et al, 2021;Makanjuola, Anis and Hashaikeh, 2021;Rabie, Elkady and El-Shazly, 2021;Tian et al, 2021). Notably, pilot scale testing is actively underway in various research institutions (Tijing et al, 2015;.…”