Effect of Chemical and Biological Stabilization on the Resilient Modulus of Clay Subgrade Soil

Moradi, Gholam; Shafaghatian, Siamak; Katebi, Hooshang

doi:10.1007/s42947-021-00029-x

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Notably, previous studies indicate that the load response behavior of coarse and fine aggregates is stress-level dependent, suggesting the necessity of non-linear analysis for accurate pavement assessment [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Additional research underscores the influence of confining and deviatoric stress levels on the behavior of chemically stabilized soils [32,[43][44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Modeling and Non-linear Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Subgrade Stabilization Life-Extending Benefits in Flexible Pavements Using a Non-Linear Mechanistic-Empirical Analysis

Ghanizadeh,

Salehi,

Mamou

et al. 2024

Infrastructures

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This paper investigates the effect of subgrade soil stabilization on the performance and life extension of flexible pavements. Several variables affecting soil stabilization were considered, including subgrade soil type (CL or CH), additive type and content (3, 6, and 9% of hydrated lime, 5, 10, and 15% of class C fly ash (CFA), and 5, 10, and 15% of cement kiln dust (CKD)), three stabilization thicknesses (15, 30, and 45 cm), and four pavement sections with varying thicknesses. The effects of these variables were investigated using four different damage mechanisms, including the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete (AC) and stabilized subgrade layers, the crushing life of the stabilized subgrade soil, and the rutting life of the pavement, using a non-linear mechanistic-empirical methodology. The results suggest that the optimum percentage that maximizes the pavement life occurs at 3% of lime for subgrade soil type CL, 6% of lime for subgrade type CH, and 15% of CFA and CKD for both subgrade soil types. The maximum pavement life increase occurred in the section with the lowest thickness and the highest stabilization thickness, which was 1890% for 3% of lime in the CL subgrade and 568% for 6% of lime in the CH subgrade. The maximum increase in the pavement life of subgrade stabilization with 15% of CFA was 2048% in a CL subgrade, and 397% in a CH subgrade, and life extension due to subgrade stabilization with 15% of CKD was 2323% in a CL subgrade and 797% in a CH subgrade.

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Section: Modeling and Non-linear Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Subgrade Stabilization Life-Extending Benefits in Flexible Pavements Using a Non-Linear Mechanistic-Empirical Analysis

Ghanizadeh,

Salehi,

Mamou

et al. 2024

Infrastructures

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“…GPA, being amphiphilic, can interact with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, allowing for versatile applications, and was synthesized by microbial fermentation [ 24 ]. Moradi et al [ 25 ] improved the CBR of problematic clay soil from 46% to 101% upon stabilization with BG. Soldo et al [ 26 ] recorded that the 31% tensile strength improvement in BG-treated silty sand was the highest when compared to xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan, and alginate biopolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze-Dried β-Glucan and Poly-γ-glutamic Acid: An Efficient Stabilizer to Strengthen Subgrades of Low Compressible Fine-Grained Soils with Varying Curing Periods

Vishweshwaran,

Sujatha,

Baldovino

2024

Polymers

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The freeze-drying of biopolymers presents a fresh option with greater potential for application in soil subgrade stabilization. A freeze-dried combination of β-glucan (BG) and γ-poly-glutamic acid (GPA) biopolymers was used to treat low compressible clay (CL) and low compressible silt (ML) soils in dosages of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The California bearing ratio (CBR) test for the treated specimens was performed under three curing conditions: (i) thermal curing at 60 °C, (ii) air-curing for seven days followed by submergence for 4 days, and (iii) no curing, i.e., tested immediately after mixing. To investigate the influence of shear strength on the freeze-dried biopolymer-stabilized soil specimens and their variations with aging, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted after thermal curing at 60 °C for 3 days, 7 days, and 7 days of thermal curing followed by 21 days of air curing. The maximum CBR of 125.3% was observed for thermally cured CL and a minimum CBR of 6.1% was observed under soaked curing conditions for ML soils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy, average particle size, permeability, and adsorption tests revealed the pore filling, biopolymer adsorption and coating on the soil surface, and agglomeration of the soil along with the presence of hydrogen bonds, covalent amide bonds, and Van der Waals forces that contributed to the stiffening of the stabilized soil. Using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) and layered elastic analysis (LEA), a mechanistic–empirical pavement design was carried out for the stabilized soil and a design thickness catalog was prepared for the maximum CBR. The cost reductions for a 1 km section of the pavement were expected to be 12.5%.

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“…Keshav et al [ 8 ] noted an increase by 630% in the UCS of xanthan gum-amended silty soil after 28 days of curing. Moradi et al [ 9 ] compared the performance of biopolymer stabilization with that of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), cationic polyelectrolyte (CPE), and Nicoflok polymer. After 28 days of curing, the results showed the maximum UCS for the β-glucan-treated soil when compared to the other treatment methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucan as a Sustainable Alternative to Stabilize Pavement Subgrade

Vishweshwaran¹,

Sujatha²

2022

Polymers

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Beta glucan (β-Glucan), a polysaccharide biopolymer, is used to improve the subgrade strength of clayey soils in an attempt to advocate a sustainable, carbon-neutral, and eco-friendly stabilizer. A design thickness catalog was developed for a three-layered flexible pavement using 3D finite element analysis (FEA) and layered elastic analysis. The analyses were performed for β-glucan-treated fine-grained soils with varying traffic intensities based on a mechanistic design philosophy conforming to IRC: 37-2018. Genetic programming (GP) was employed to obtain equations governing the rutting and fatigue failure in pavements. Thirty-nine datasets were used in the determination and analysis of critical strains governing the failure of a flexible pavement. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer analysis, and pH tests of the β-glucan-treated soil revealed the mechanism of strength improvement of the fine-grained soils. The savings in cost for a 1 km stretch of the pavement were estimated to be 14.3%.

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Effect of Chemical and Biological Stabilization on the Resilient Modulus of Clay Subgrade Soil

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Investigation of Subgrade Stabilization Life-Extending Benefits in Flexible Pavements Using a Non-Linear Mechanistic-Empirical Analysis

Investigation of Subgrade Stabilization Life-Extending Benefits in Flexible Pavements Using a Non-Linear Mechanistic-Empirical Analysis

Freeze-Dried β-Glucan and Poly-γ-glutamic Acid: An Efficient Stabilizer to Strengthen Subgrades of Low Compressible Fine-Grained Soils with Varying Curing Periods

β-Glucan as a Sustainable Alternative to Stabilize Pavement Subgrade

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