Effect of chewing an apple on dental plaque removal and on salivary bacterial viability

Rubido, Susana; García‐Caballero, Lucía; Abeleira, María Teresa; Limeres, Jacobo; García, M. Amor Espinosa; Dios, Pedro Diz

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199812

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The effects of apples on oral health and bacterial control have already been examined in several studies. However, our findings contradicted the results from the study by Rubido et al However, our findings contradicted the results of a study by Rubido et al (6), in which it was found that chewing apples fail to eliminate dental plaque and in fact helped to increase the plaque (6). Possible reason is that chewing…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…The medium toothbrush was selected since the participants were dental students and were familiar with the proper brushing technique to avoid damage to the periodontal structure. The brushing time took about 2 minutes (each quarter is 30 seconds) (6). Apple chewing was performed without any constraints; that is, participants were allowed to eat the apples with skin using both sides of their mouth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the values required to determine the sample size were obtained from similar studies (6). The power of the study was kept at 0.80, and the confidence level was kept at 95%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, several studies have been conducted to examine the effects of apples on microbial plaque, which generated conflicting results. A study, for instance, has found that apples stimulate plaque growth due to their sugar content; whereas another research has discovered that they decrease plaque through mechanical removal of plaque (6). This study, therefore, aimed to compare the effects of chewing the apples and brushing the teeth on dental plaque, to examine the dental surfaces affected by plaque removal methods -especially in children -and determine the highest and lowest amount of plaque, and to use the study results for introducing preventive procedures for controlling dental plaque.…”

Section: Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Plaque Removal Efficacy of Chewing Apples and Tooth-Brushing: A Comparative Cross Over Clinical Study

Mojarad

Moghaddam

Farhadian

et al. 2021

Avicenna J Dent Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The best and the most reliable methods to manage the dental plaque are still mechanical procedures. It has been traditionally recommended that a firm fruit such as an apple be eaten to minimize caries and control plaque at the end of a meal. However, several studies have reported contradictory findings about the microbial plaque function of the apples. Some studies, for instance, have found that apples contain sugar and, therefore, can cause plaque growth; some other researches, on the other hand, have shown that they have the potential to decrease plaque due to their mechanical plaque removal function. This study, therefore, aimed to compare the effects of apple-chewing method and that of tooth-brushing one on plaque removal. Methods: The study group included 48 healthy dental students with good oral health status, who were randomly selected to participate in this comparative, crossover clinical study. First, they were asked to brush their teeth or eat an apple. After 2 weeks, the experiment was repeated with the order reversed. Plaque indexes (PIs) were determined as before brushing/apple eating (baseline, B), immediately afterward (A), and 24 hours afterward (24). Results: Over time, there was a significant shift in the plaque index pattern between the groups (P value<0.001) but this discrepancy, in general, was not significant between the group using apple and the one using toothbrush (P value =0.495), as well as between the group using yellow apples, and the ones using red apples or the toothbrushes (P value =0.768). Conclusions: Comparing the two plaque control methods, it was found they were extremely similar; however, chewing yellow apples was discovered to be more effective method in reducing dental plaque than chewing red apples or using toothbrushes.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the values required to determine the sample size were obtained from similar studies (6). The power of the study was kept at 0.80, and the confidence level was kept at 95%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Highlightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Plaque Removal Efficacy of Chewing Apples and Tooth-Brushing: A Comparative Cross Over Clinical Study

Mojarad

Moghaddam

Farhadian

et al. 2021

Avicenna J Dent Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As noted in Section 1.1 , teeth surfaces provide a permanent solid surface for bacterial colonization. Their convex surfaces protect the gingival sulcus from being fully cleaned by solid foods such as apples [ 69 ]. Bacteria also adhere to other non-shedding, solid surfaces in the oral cavity, for example, orthodontic bands, bridges, or implants [ 70 ].…”

Section: Ldc Cadaverine and Butyrate In Periodontal Health And Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving the Contradictory Functions of Lysine Decarboxylase and Butyrate in Periodontal and Intestinal Diseases

Levine

Lohinai

2021

JCM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Periodontal disease is a common, bacterially mediated health problem worldwide. Mastication (chewing) repeatedly traumatizes the gingiva and periodontium, causing traces of inflammatory exudate, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), to appear in crevices between the teeth and gingiva. Inadequate tooth cleaning causes a dentally adherent microbial biofilm composed of commensal salivary bacteria to appear around these crevices where many bacteria grow better on GCF than in saliva. We reported that lysine decarboxylase (Ldc) from Eikenella corrodens depletes the GCF of lysine by converting it to cadaverine and carbon dioxide. Lysine is an amino acid essential for the integrity and continuous renewal of dentally attached epithelium acting as a barrier to microbial products. Unless removed regularly by oral hygiene, bacterial products invade the lysine-deprived dental attachment where they stimulate inflammation that enhances GCF exudation. Cadaverine increases and supports the development of a butyrate-producing microbiome that utilizes the increased GCF substrates to slowly destroy the periodontium (dysbiosis). A long-standing paradox is that acid-induced Ldc and butyrate production support a commensal (probiotic) microbiome in the intestine. Here, we describe how the different physiologies of the respective tissues explain how the different Ldc and butyrate functions impact the progression and control of these two chronic diseases.

show abstract

Does an apple a day keep away diseases? Evidence and mechanism of action

Zhang

Zeng

Zhang

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Apples and their products exemplify the recently reemphasized link between dietary fruit intake and the alleviation of human disease. Their consumption does indeed improve human health due to their high phytochemical content. To identify potentially relevant articles from clinical trials, some epidemiological studies and meta‐analyses, and in vitro and in vivo studies (cell cultures and animal models), PubMed was searched from January 1, 2012, to May 15, 2022. This review summarized the potential effects of apple and apple products (juices, puree, pomace, dried apples, extracts rich in apple bioactives and single apple bioactives) on health. Apples and apple products have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases, cancer, as well as mild cognitive impairment and promote hair growth, healing of burn wounds, improve the oral environment, prevent niacin‐induced skin flushing, promote the relief of UV‐induced skin pigmentation, and improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis as well as cedar hay fever among others. These effects are associated with various mechanisms, such as vascular endothelial protection, blood lipids lowering, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti‐invasion, and antimetastatic effects. Meanwhile, it has provided an important reference for the application and development of medicine, nutrition, and other fields.

show abstract

Effect of chewing an apple on dental plaque removal and on salivary bacterial viability

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Plaque Removal Efficacy of Chewing Apples and Tooth-Brushing: A Comparative Cross Over Clinical Study

Plaque Removal Efficacy of Chewing Apples and Tooth-Brushing: A Comparative Cross Over Clinical Study

Resolving the Contradictory Functions of Lysine Decarboxylase and Butyrate in Periodontal and Intestinal Diseases

Does an apple a day keep away diseases? Evidence and mechanism of action

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About